James Fenimore Cooper Free Essays

Connor Roche Research Paper JAMES FENIMORE COOPER James Fenimore Cooper was a significant abstract figure of the 1800s, most popular for his books. He is maybe generally noted for his most noteworthy work of writing: The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757, a story that accounts the excursion of a few English individuals and a couple of Native Americans during the French and Indian War, otherwise called the Seven Days War. Cooper’s take a shot at this novel and others, for example, The Prairie mirrors his diverse methodology in regards to certain ordinarily held thoughts of the time. We will compose a custom exposition test on James Fenimore Cooper or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now This was particularly evident concerning the present-day sees a great many people had about Native Americans. Be that as it may, Cooper’s work likewise mirrored his consistence with the most mainstream expressive arts development of his time: Romanticism. To totally get a handle on the extent of Cooper’s composing, some foundation on Cooper’s life, and the social traditions and thoughts of his time are important. Cooper was conceived on September 15, 1789 to Elizabeth Fenimore and William Cooper, the organizer of the city of Cooperstown, NY. After ejection from Yale College, Cooper sought after a profession as a mariner on a dealer transport, going similar to the Strait of Gibraltar. Following this was a concise spell in the United States Navy, trailed by cultivating. During his endeavors adrift, James Cooper truly thought to be turning into an author. Actually, the greater part of his accounts tell stories of mariners and ocean trips, motivated by his own days on the water (Literature Network). At the hour of Cooper’s composing, Native Americans were frequently held in scorn, abused, and persecuted. This had been a typical part of society since the times of Columbus’ first undertakings to the Americas (Cassutto). The Native Americans were respected with partiality, scorn, and above all else dread, as is available while encountering any obscure thing. As a rule, merciless slaughters were done, murdering several blameless Native Americans. Cooper endeavored to change such thoughts through the connections set up between characters in his books, as is best appeared by The Last of the Mohicans. This book was really the second (and most popular) in a progression of five â€Å"Leatherstocking Tales† In this story, the two of the fundamental characters are a white man named Natty Bumppo and a Native American named Uncas, who is the nominal â€Å"Last of the Mohicans†. These two men, however they were from totally various foundations, structure a nearby bond, and show that interracial participation is very conceivable, and really helpful. Besides, Natty Bumppo goes similar to embracing a Native American name, Hawkeye, to show that he genuinely could mix in with the Native Americans and act calmly with them. The real story happens during the French and Indian War, around 30 years before Cooper was conceived. In spite of the fact that the war is named after two gatherings, the real battle was a piece of a colossal clash between a few countries, including Austria, England, France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden. In the American states, the war came about because of over the top weight from the British for extra asset assortment and creation. This brought about higher duties, progressively demanding work, and so on. During the war in the states, the Native Americans (Indians) confronted the French, who, aligned with the British, broadened the war for a long time. Considering the impacts that the occasions of the timespan would have had on the individuals, crafted by James Fenimore Cooper could even be viewed as progressive. Regardless of the overwhelming prejudice of the time, Cooper focused on the significance and plausibility of interracial collaboration, and even appeared to advance it. At the end of the day, he was not reluctant to change the generalization and give a substitute perspective on Native Americans. In any case, likewise with all circumstances, James Fenimore Cooper additionally gives a negative, all the more premonition side to the connection between various societies. In particular, he appears to advance companionship and fellowship, yet unequivocally cautions against interracial sentiment. This is by all accounts a typical subject of his peers, who additionally emphatically concurred that interracial sentiment was to be carefully beyond reach. Despite the fact that not expressed straightforwardly by Cooper, the destinies of a few of the characters in The Last of the Mohicans shows that Cooper accepted that interracial love would prompt catastrophe. This is certainly expressed through the grievous passings of two of the fundamental characters. In the story, Uncas, the previously mentioned Mohican, and Cora Munro, an English general’s little girl, start a growing sentiment that prompts their inevitable end. Cora is seized by the antagonist of the story, a Native American of the Huron clan named Magua. During salvage endeavors, both Cora and Uncas are definitely slaughtered. The demise of these two characters implies that interracial sentiment will lead just to disappointment and is profoundly risky. On a fundamental level, it is the basic contrasts between the way of life that cause a split that prompts the disappointment of the sentiment. For this situation, the merciless idea of the Native Americans causes the passing of both the shielded English young lady, and even the intense, solidified Native American man. Now, unmistakably James Fenimore Cooper didn't stick to the racial shows of his time. Regardless of some notice of the threats of social blending, in his writing, he remained by his own convictions of interracial connection. Be that as it may, James Cooper followed others in his period with the kind of writing he composed. His work was intelligent of the Romantic style of composing and at the hour of his novels’ manifestations, the Romantic Era was going full bore in America. The Romantic period was a development in the fields of craftsmanship, writing, and intellectualism that began in Europe in the late 1700s. The development put a substantial accentuation on feelings, for example, dread, ghastliness, and stunningness instead of reason. Likewise, there is a predominance of secret over clearness, and significance given to the individual, as opposed to the principles of society. This could be handily communicated through craftsmanship, yet through writing, the transport of such feelings was another experience. Certain impacts of the development were plainly reflected in Cooper’s writing. For instance, alongside the Romantic development came the motivation of political change, and furthermore, as a glaring difference, portrayals of vigorously romanticized (subsequently the name of the period) circumstances and settings, for example, â€Å"a mock-medieval palace roosted drastically over a rugged ravine† (History World). Components, for example, these are obviously clear in Cooper’s work, particularly the accentuation on setting. Utilizing rich expressive language, Cooper gives subtleties of the considerable number of territories that his characters adventure through. On occasion, the breadth of his depiction is rich to the point that a peruser may feel as if the person in question is really encountering the setting. This was regular in Romantic writing, and can be found in the accompanying section from The Last of the Mohicans: â€Å"The mountain on which they stood, raised, maybe a thousand feet noticeable all around, was a high cone that rose a little in of advance of that go which extends for a significant distance along the western shores of the lake, until meeting its sister heaps, past the water, it ran off toward the Canadas, in confounded and broken masses of rock meagerly sprinkled with evergreens. † (The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper, 177) Beside the Romantic portrayals of areas and characters, Coopers work additionally indicated a lot of preoccupation from recently held goals, as referenced above in his investigations of interracial kinships and communication. This appears to convey a fundamental sentiment of political activism, which was one more of the traits of the Romantic Movement. The activism lies in the suggestion that racial limits ought to be rethought and reconsidered. Despite the fact that Cooper doesn't state through and through that his novel should start an insurgency, his work infers that there is a urgent requirement for change in the public arena. Moreover, a few parts of the novel could be viewed as an enemy of war articulation made by Cooper. This was a common opinion among huge numbers of his counterparts, and continued even through the Vietnam War in the late 1900s. In any case, this conclusion could be seen by breaking down the novel from a Romantic Movement perspective. Coming back to the possibility of graphic nature, Cooper frequently gives depictions of the magnificence of the land, yet additionally of its inborn peril. In the story, nature gives nearly as a very remarkable battle for the principle characters as the war accomplishes for the warriors. As it were, it appears as though Cooper was attempting to state that nature was the genuine foe, not different people. The counter war opinion couldn't just be deciphered figuratively through the content, it was likewise now and then expressed unequivocally. In the accompanying entry, James Cooper’s appall for war and battling is clear, as he depicts the fight as an amazingly grisly event: â€Å"More than 2,000 seething savages broke out from the timberland at signal and hurled themselves over the deadly plain with intuitive energetic willingness. We will not abide upon the disgusting abhorrences that succeeded. Demise was wherever in his generally breathtaking and sickening viewpoints †¦ The progression of blood may be compared to the outbreaking of a torrent†¦ and as the locals became†¦maddened by the battle, numerous among them†¦drank freely†¦hellishly of the dark red tide. †(Mohicans, Cooper 222) As was clarified by this section, Cooper plainly loathed the war and the abhorrences it carried with it. In Conclusion, crafted by James Fenimore Cooper gave an away from of the goals and developments of his time. His composing was intelligent of the new savvy, imaginative, and artistic Romanti

Vagueness, Ambiguity and clarity in writing

Dubiousness, Ambiguity, and Clarity In Writing Coastland Bullock June 29, 2014 CRT. 205 In model three, the equivocalness makes this announcement have a great deal of dubiousness. When managing a circumstance, for example, gathering cash for a venture, all subtleties ought to be obviously and genuinely expressed first. The principal thing said Is, next Sunday; alongside this ought to be a date.Also, when It says the assortment will help with the cost I feel that the expense ought to be expressed also so an objective can be set for the gathering all in all. The remainder of the announcement is significantly progressively unclear in light of the fact that all subtleties of the undertaking else they may not be as ready to give so a lot. Ultimately, the finish of the subsequent sentence says to inform the advisory group as to whether you might want to accomplish something however they don't specify which board of trustees is responsible for the project.Being ready to comprehend this mode l isn't troublesome in light of the fact that its sort of sound judgment what they are getting at yet it is somewhat hard see all the subtleties so thusly they might be less inclined to get more assistance with the task. With these kinds of declarations, believing basically so as to be clear in your composing is an imperative angle o join into our work. Thinking profoundly into whatever we are doing is significant so the outcome is clear and on point.In model four, the whole articulation is ambiguous and indistinct of what end or point is attempting to be made. I comprehended from perusing it that they clearly concurred with what they read from the start however as they kept on perusing they discovered more, this sort of composing makes this passage equivocal. From the outset the peruser concurs with what is being expressed however in the wake of perusing on, they become uncertain making disappointment settle on a decision. Not even once was any data expressed that said who, where, when, why, or what they were talking about.The model uses words, for example, they, both, kind of, the creator, something, and anything. Utilizing these kinds of words and expressions will consequently make any composition or discussion dubious and equivocal. These two ruins recorded as a hard copy impact understanding by not permitting the peruser to comprehend what is attempting to be demonstrated or deduced in the composition. This section isn't a case of clear composing on the grounds that the author was clearly not mindful that whoever may peruse it may not comprehend what or who they were discussing because of no subtleties in the announcement.

How Applied Research Is Used in Psychology

How Applied Research Is Used in Psychology Basics Print How Applied Research Is Used in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 27, 2019 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. This type of research plays an important role in solving everyday problems that often have an impact on life, work, health, and overall well-being. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies. There are many different types of psychologists who perform applied research. Psychologists working in human factors or industrial/organizational fields, for example, often do this type of research. Examples A few examples of applied research in psychology include: Investigating which treatment approach is the most effective for reducing anxietyResearching which strategies work best to motivate workersStudying different keyboard designs to determine which is the most efficient and ergonomicAnalyzing what type of prompts will inspire people to volunteer their time to charitiesInvestigating if background music in a work environment can  contribute to greater productivity As you may notice, all of these examples explore topics that will address real-world issues. This immediate and practical application of the findings is what distinguished applied research from basic research, which instead focuses on theoretical concerns. Basic research tends to focus more on big picture topics, such as increasing the scientific knowledge base around a particular topic. Applied research tends to drill down more toward solving specific problems that affect people in the here and now. For example, a social psychologist performing basic research on violence might look at how different factors might contribute to violence in general. A psychologist conducting applied research might tackle the question of what type of programs can be implemented to reduce violence in school settings. However, researchers also suggest that basic research and applied research are actually closely intertwined. Basic research often informs applied research, and applied research often helps basic researchers refine their own theories. As you can see in the example above, the information learned from basic research often builds the basis on which applied research is formed. How It Works Applied research usually starts by identifying a problem that exists in the real world. Applied psychologists then conduct research in order to identify a solution. The type of research that is used can depend upon a variety of factors including unique characteristics of the situation and the kind of problem psychologists are trying to solve. Researchers might opt to use naturalistic observation to see the problem as it occurs in a real-world setting. They might then conduct experiments to help determine why the problem occurs and to explore different solutions that might solve it. Potential Challenges As with any other types of research, challenges can arise when conducting applied research in psychology. Some potential problems that researchers might face when performing this type of research include: Ethical challenges. When conducting applied research in a naturalistic setting, researchers may come across concerns about privacy and informed consent. In some cases, such as in workplace studies conducted by industrial-organizational psychologists, participants may feel pressured or even coerced into participating as a condition of their employment. Problems with validity. Since applied research often takes place in the field, it can be difficult for researchers to maintain complete control over all of the variables. Extraneous variables can also exert a subtle influence that the experimenters may not even consider or realize are having an effect on the results. In many cases, researchers are forced to strike a balance between a studys ecological validity (which is usually quite high in applied research) and the studys internal validity. Since applied research focuses on taking the results of scientific research and utilizing it directly in real-world situations, those who work in this line of research tend to be more concerned with the external validity of their work. External validity refers to the extent that scientific findings can be generalized to other populations. Researchers dont just want to know if the results of their experiments apply to the participants in their studies. They want these results to also apply to larger populations outside of the lab. Because applied research investigates realistic problems, applied researchers are often concerned with the external validity of their studies. This means that they attempt to observe behaviors that can be applied to real-life situations, explains Dawn M. McBride in  The Process of Research in Psychology. This is important because these researchers want to be able to apply their results to a problem that applies to individuals who are not participants in their study (as well as to those individuals who were observed in the study. External validity is also a consideration in basic research but in some cases can be less important that it is in applied research. How Its Used in the Real-World What are some examples of how applied research is used to solve real-world problems? A hospital might conduct applied research on how to prepare patients for certain types of surgical procedures.A business might hire an applied psychologist to assess how to design a workplace console to maximize efficiency and productivity while minimizing worker fatigue and error.An organization might hire an applied researcher to determine how to select employees that are best suited for certain positions within the company. A Word From Verywell Applied research is an important tool in the process of understanding the human mind and behavior. Thanks to this kind of research, psychologists are able to investigate problems that affect peoples daily lives. While this kind of research specifically targets real-world issues, it also contributes to our base of knowledge about how people think and behave.

The Effects Of Divorce On Our Society - 1034 Words

The United States is a country that takes pride in the fact that no matter what religion, race or sex you are you can join together in the unity of marriage. Many people dream of growing up and marrying the love of their life and having a family, but they do not take into consideration there are 2.3 million marriages a year, with over 1.2 million divorces (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). Divorce is not limited to breaking apart the husband and wife; it destroys families, siblings and the future of the American children. Divorces cause money, crime and education issues and an overall effect on the children caught in the middle, which follows them into their adult life. A $1,000 of taxpayer’s money is spent dealing with the consequences of broken families (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). The amount of money spent in divorce procedures and in the long run is astronomical. From divorce lawyers to child support, there is no denying this bonus part of life is expensive. It impacts families as well as tax payers and the government. The median household net worth is $132,000 for marrieds, $35,000 for singles, and $33,670 for divorced individuals (â€Å"The Impact of Divorce on Our Society†). If people get married, they have a far better chance to earn a comfortable living, but they have to stay together. If not, the taxpayers and government have to pay consequences for divorces. If people took the time to make sure their partner was for life, then the expense wouldShow MoreRelatedEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense . Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divorce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. Many of these effects also directly correlate to the effect on a society. HoweverRead MoreThe Divorce Of Parents Harm Their Children1185 Words   |  5 PagesDoes the divorce of parents harm their children? Sadly this is a subject that is studied more and more due to the fact that so many marriages today are till divorce do us part instead of till death do us part. To truly understand and determine the effect of divorce on children one must look at the evidence of both sides and with an open mind. On one side we have Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee say â€Å"yes† to the stated question. On the o ther side we have E. Mavis HetheringtonRead MoreDivorce : A Major Sociological Issue1080 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Eron Mrs. Small Social Issue paper 21 November 2014 Divorce Problem Statement: Divorce is a major sociological issue. Divorce rates continue to rise annually and more and more the definition of ‘family’ begins to change. Around 40% of marriages ended in divorce in 2004 (West). This is an epidemic that at one point shocked many People. While, divorce use to be socially and for many, religiously unacceptable it is becoming more and more a social norm. Even though it is becoming more commonRead MoreNegative Effects Of Divorce1475 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce is the termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, Divorce occurs after a husband and wife decide not to live together anymore and they do not want to marry one another. They agree to sign legal documents that allow them to marry other people if they so wish. Divorce is a problem that is increasing every year. It also affects our society, which most countries face. Divorce causes many negative effects, someRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Children Through My Research Methodology1437 Words   |  6 Pagesto study the effects of divorce on children. I am mostly interested in my research methodology focusing on identifying the issues holistically that might be detrimental to the psychological or physiological health of children. I want compare the different experiences that each family has when dealing with divorce and measuring how each child copes with the separation of their parents. I would conduct a research design that is based not only on the issues that are related to divorce, but also theRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The U nited States1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Children Divorce is comparable to an epidemic since it has been filtering through many societies at an increasingly alarming rate. 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The two candidates, George Bush and Al Gore, gave their views and outlined the agendas they hoped to implement inRead MoreEvolution of the Typical American Family Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pageswill talk about are divorce and its effects, welfare, abusiveness on children and wives, and a couple of articles in the book, Families in the U.S. One tough thing about todays American family is divorce. In 1816, one marriage out of one hundred ended in divorce. Then between the years 1869-1888, divorce increased up to one hundred and fifty percent. And the worse, between the years 1960-1980, the divorce rate increased up to two hundred and fifty percent. Divorce rates peaked in 1981Read MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesSociety is constantly changing. We are able to visualize these changes year after year by way of statistics. This allows us to be able to use these values to qualitatively analyze correlation, causation, and effect. 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Mystery And Suspense In Where Is Here By Joyce Carol Oates

If there was no characters, there would be no story. Characters make up a story, along with other aspects of course, but characters come with different types of personalities. With the characters and their personalities it can create different types of moods for the readers. The characters bring these moods in stories such as a scary story, which is very important. Characters make the story have mystery and suspense. In the story Where is Here, by Joyce Carol Oates, the author uses one of the characters in the story to create a mysterious mood because he was very strange. With the character being strange it builds mystery by making the reader want to know what his next move is. The author uses characters to establish many characteristics†¦show more content†¦I don’t like this† (1 2) Soon however it was as the mother and father had switched moods. The mother was acting very nice and wanted the stranger to come in. Before long the father wanted the man out and be came very aggressive. The author does this to show how the mother and father started to act very differently when the stranger showed up. It makes us ask the question, how did the stranger bring these personalities to the mother and father so quickly. She is trying to build suspense upon the story. The author puts mixed moods in the readers when the characters all start acting different. It makes the reader wonder why the characters are acting like this making the reader want to know whats going to happen next. With suspense building, the reader comes to the edge of there seat and the author does this so the reader can feel like there in that moment. Write your second body paragraph from another text, focusing on the same element as mentioned in your introduction paragraph. Authors love characters because they are the motor in the story or poem. Characters are the ones that physique the entire story with mystery and suspense. In the poem Windigo, by Louise Erdrich, there is many ways the character builds suspense and mystery. The character itself is a flesh eating demon in which builds suspense already to what he is going to do throughout the story. He comes after a child not directlyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Where Are You Going, And Don Moser s The Piped Piper Of Tucson ``1365 Words   |  6 Pagesreality. Throughout the modern times, monsters unanimously appear in â€Å"the real world.† Angela Carter’s â€Å"The Fall River Axe Murders,† Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been,† and Don Moser’s â€Å"The Piped Piper of Tucson† all have parts relating to reality. Moser’s and Carter’s stories are completely nonfiction. It looks as if they are in competition with Oates’ story, in a sense of determination of whether fiction appears to be more forthcoming to truth than nonfiction. Simultaneously

Women in A Raisin in the Sun Free Essays

Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun is the story of a struggling black family in Chicago. This story embodies Hansberry’s use of strong black women, she was a realistic artist, fascinated by ordinary and real people with each one clearly and vividly drawn. In this play, Hansberry portrays courageous and revolutionary women who share struggles with each other and also with their men. We will write a custom essay sample on Women in A Raisin in the Sun or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hansberry speaks loudly about the role women have played in the struggle for freedom. In A Raisin in the Sun, Hansberry shows three major female characters in very different stages in their lives. Lena wants to save her family from dissolution by resolving conflicts, remaining righteous and being the rock and the leader of the Youngers. Beneatha wants to both develop her intellect by attending school and be of service to humanity by practicing medicine; Ruth, on the other hand, wants Travis to grow up in a decent home in a decent neighborhood. However, they all share a common goal for their family. Although different from each other, the women remain unified at the end of the play when the whole family decides to move into a new house, significant because they would rather face the dangerous risk of moving into a racist neighborhood than stay in their poor situation. Mama portrays the traditional, holy, black woman during the period of the civil rights movement, much like that of the time she is the backbone in their house and supports the family through their many trials and tribulations. Throughout the play Walter, Lena Younger’s son, is undoubtedly a catalyst in the troubles the family faces. He seems helpless and feels he is less than a man because his family is poor and he has so many aspirations. During the play he lobbies for the support of the family to give him the money to invest in a liquor store, and finally in a critical scene, even though she has her doubts, Mama hands over part of the ten thousand dollars of his father’s life insurance to him. Walter may not know it but she is handing over the duty as the head of the household to him. After their heart-wrenching face to face talk with her son, Lena doesn’t want his dream to be deferred, she says, â€Å"Listen to me now. I say I’ve been wrong, son. That I been doing what the rest of the world been doing to you† ( ). Through giving this money to Walter, Lena hopes his spirits will lift before the family loses him. She then says, â€Å"There ain’t nothing worth holding on to, money, dreams, nothing else if it means it’s going to destroy my boy†. ( ). It is evident that there is nothing more important to Lena than her family’s happiness, and as a mother she only has Walter’s best interest in mind. Although Lena can be seen as an old-fashioned black woman she also displays some forward thinking on her part when she buys a house for her family. Not only does she just buy a house but she dares to buy one in a white neighborhood. She knows she is taking a risk but she does it anyway to improve her family’s living situation, advancing on the concept that her family always comes first. The house that she brought was the best she could find for her money and she wasn’t going to be denied such an opportunity because of the racist neighborhood. She is tired of her family being held back by white society in which Walter is mostly the victim. At one point Lena waivers at moving because Walter loses the money. She loses hope for a moment. This scene is the most dramatic scene because when Lena learns that Walter lost the money, she slaps him with anger. She then illustrates how hard his father worked for the money. She says â€Å"I seen†¦ him†¦ night after night†¦ come in †¦ and look at that rug†¦ and then look at me†¦ the red showing in his eyes†¦ the veins moving in his head†¦ I seen him grow thin and old before he was forty †¦ working and working like somebody’s old horse †¦ killing himself †¦ and you – you give it all away in a day†¦ † ( ). Lena just couldn’t stand the thought of her husband working everyday for nothing. However, even though she didn’t like what he did, she later scolds Beneatha for criticizing him because she doesn’t want Walter to be hurt any further. Ruth and Lena show tremendous understanding with Walter. In the story Hansberry describes Ruth by writing, â€Å"We can see that she was a pretty girl, even exceptionally so, but now it is apparent that life has been little that she expected, and disappointment has already begun to hang in her face† ( ). It is apparent by the way Hansberry describes Ruth that times have been hard for her. It is understandable though, black women were expected to do domestic work as well as work outside the home to complement their husband’s income and effectively handle both major tasks. Ruth also displays a lot of strength when she deals with a pregnancy that the family may not be able to support. Through all of these responsibilities more stress is added on to the fact that Walter shuts her out emotionally. Ruth’s relationship with Walter becomes distant as the play goes on, Walter simply doesn’t feel the support he needs from her and he doesn’t know how to get back to a good place with their relationship. Ruth doesn’t seem supportive at first, however she really understands him, she wants a better life for her family, too but she’s just more of a realist. Ruth does tip-off Lena that Walter wanted the money to start a business when she says, â€Å"Ain’t nobody business people till they go into business. Walter Lee say colored people ain’t never going to start getting ahead till they start gambling on some different kinds of things in the world – investments and things†. ( ). After Lena mentions buying a house Ruth gets excited because she knows that to save her marriage and her family they must move into the new house, it also means that she can keep the new baby on the way. Beneatha’s character in A Raisin in the Sun portrays how a radical, independent black female would act, she represents a new generation of women that to be free. In one part of the play Beneatha rejects God, saying â€Å"I’m sick about hearing about god† Her intense personality and stubborn attitude is probably what causes her to lose her faith. She doesn’t realize that faith is what helped her family through hard times. Beneatha’s main goal throughout the play was to pursue her education and become a doctor. During the civil rights movement a black female doctor is very rare and even thinking about entering practice may be looked down upon. In the beginning Beneatha was not supported by her brother Walter, he may have felt jealousy and couldn’t stand the thought of part of the insurance money going to her schooling. He criticized Beneatha’s dreams, which is hypocritical because he does not want anybody criticizing his. Walter doesn’t support his sister’s dream of being a doctor because he wants the money for himself. Beneatha’s love interests in the story confirm her beliefs. George Murchinson essentially believes in what her brother thinks and Asagai supports her. George is not sensitive enough to notice that Beneatha is an intellectual and only feels he needs to suit her physical needs as well. Asagai, on the other hand, appeals to Beneatha’s intellectual and psychological needs. Beneatha is at a stage where she wants to feel at ease and be encouraged to philosophize and express her opinions. She is definitely more receptive towards Asagai because he supports her dreams. The Younger women may argue and disagree but would never betray their family or their race. They, as a whole, act not only as the rock of the family, but the glue that bonds everyone together. Walter would be lost without the support he receives and although he does not show it very often, he loves all of them very much. The women of Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun play a key role in the stability of the family and a clear picture into the hearts and minds of the characters, they are an integral part of the play. How to cite Women in A Raisin in the Sun, Essay examples

Braham Stokers Dracula Draculas Essay Example For Students

Braham Stokers Dracula Draculas Essay Free Essay on Dracula In the novel Dracula there are many qualities that are necessary for success. Firstly determination is a key factor to succeeding; secondly revenge is a factor in succeeding; furthermore fearlessness plays a big role when they go to kill Lucy; lastly intelligence is needed to make all the plans. When Jonathan Harker get captured by Dracula he is afraid, but he is also determined to get free. I can not say in this room much longer for I shall die, he said. A small crack of light appeared through the stones. I pushed the stone with all my might but it only move, I found a carving utensil which I used to make the hole bigger said Jonathon. The hole got bigger and bigger then the stone just fell out. When Jonathan Harker and the rest of the people go to hunt Dracula they are determined to kill him because they do not want Dracula to kill anyone else. In order to kill Dracula they must plunge a stake through its heart, cut off its head, and stuff its mouth with garlic. They use silver knives to kill him just as the sun sets. Get him before he flees said Jonathan, he must not get away. Arthur proceeds with the stake cautiously. I got him yelled Arthur. Abraham shoves a clove of garlic in the Counts mouth. get him before he tries to get away. Jonathan and Quincey, use silver knives to cut off his head. We have finally done it we killed Dracula said Quincey. Jonathon was determined to escape. Arthur, Abraham, Jonathan, and Quincey are determined to kill Dracula. In order to get out of the Counts castle Jonathan thinks of three things survival, escaping and kill the Count for trapping him in the castle. I cant die I have to get out, I have to end his rain of terror, he can`t get away with what he did to me said Jonathan. This shows that Jonathan Harker wanted to kill Dracula through revenge, but he also killed him so Dracula would not kill anyone else. When Van Helsing, Holmwood, Seward, and Quincey Morris go to kill Lucy they must be fearless of the un-dead. Van Helsing leads Holmwood, Seward, and Quincey Morris go on there search to kill Lucy. We have to go kill her there is no other way said Van Helsing Therefore they must be fearless to go and kill vampire. Jonathan Harker was an intelligent man so was Arthur, Abraham, and Quincey. If they were not intelligent they would not have come up with plans to kill Dracula, and Jonathan would not have escaped from his castle. Therefore if these men were not smart Jonathan would not have escaped and the rest of the story would not have happened . In conclusion there are many qualities that are necessary for success such as, determination, revenge, and intelligence if the qualities did not exist the story would not have gone anywhere.

Ways to Write Research Paper Cover Page

Title page for your research paper is not very difficult to make. There are 3 different formats by using them you can easily make your title page depending on the demand of your professor. These three formats are American Psychological Association (APA), the Modern Language Association (MLA) and Chicago style. These three formats are used depending on your requirements. Following are some tips by for writing research paper cover page; Making a title page with APA: The spacing of your title- Use return key to move your title down the page about 1/3 of your page. If the title is long or has colons in it, then write it in two lines. In this style, you have to be as accurate as possible. Capitalize the important words in the title such as noun, verbs, and adjectives but there is no need to capitalize unimportant words or words with less than 3 letters. Write your name- After writing the title of your research paper, write your name but dont write a title such as Dr., prof. If there are two or more than two authors of the paper than write them by separating with commas and ‘and. Write the name of your institutions- Now write the name of your university or the organization you are linked with to tell the readers where you have done most of your research. If there is only one author or more than one author belonging to the same organizations, then write the name of the organization after listing down the names of author/s. But if there are different authors affiliated with different universities than write the name of each author with the name of the organization he/she is affiliated with. Double spacing title-page- Highlight your text by selecting the spacing button from the HOME tab of a word document. Then form space drop-down menu, select ‘2 and your text is double-spaced now. Placing the title in center horizontally- Highlight your text on the page then select the button under paragraph to center the text. Add running header- A running header is used at the top of the page and goes throughout the page. Here all capital letters are used for a title. Formatting the page- 12-point Times New Roman font is used here and also make sure to have 1 inch of margin on all sides. Making a title page with MLA: Skip the title page unless it is required- In this style, the title page is not required unless asked by your teacher. In this format, you just simply write your title in the center of your page and start writing your text from the next line. If you are doing your title page this way then just simply write your name, your teacher name, course name, and the date by double spacing it on the upper-left hand side. A header on the right side includes your name and page number on the page. Skip your page down- In this format too; you have to start writing 1/3 down of the page. Write your title in one line even if it has semi-colon but if it is too long to adjust in one line than write it in two line by separating them from the semi-colon. Also, capitalize important words. Write your name under the title- Leave a blank line and write ‘By to place your name after it. if there are two authors than separate their names with ‘and’ and if there are more than two authors than write their name by separating them with commas. Move to the bottom- There you will have only three lines at the bottom where you have to write your class name and section in one line, then professor name in the second line and date in the last and third line. Center the text horizontally- Highlight the text, use paragraph grouping and click the center button to center the text. Format your page- Title page like rest of the paper should have 1-inch of format and with a readable font such as TIMES NEW ROMAN, in 12-point size. Making title page with Chicago style: Type your tile- Reach 1/3 down of your page and start writing your title in capital words in one line unless it has a subtitle. If it has a subtitle, write it in the next line. But try to adjust it in the first line. Skip some page- Leave four or five lines after writing down the title and then start writing the next part of your title page from there. Write name, class information, and date- Now write your name, then hit the return key and write class information and at the end again press return key and write the date. The date should be in the format of; first the name of the month, the date and then the year. Center the text- Highlight the text, use paragraph grouping and click the center button to center the text. Format your page- In this format 1 or  ½ inch of margins is used, which is also applied to the rest of the page. Chicago recommends TIMES NEW ROMAN and Palatino with 12-point font.

Aztecs vs Incas essays

Aztecs vs Incas essays Two of the biggest and greatest civilizations in the Americas were the Aztecs and the Incas. These two civilizations were both said to be conquered by the Spanish, but it was not just the Spanish who conquered them. They both also fell from a combination of a weak government, lack of technology, new disease introduced by invaders, and not being prepared for the invasion of their empires. For many centuries the Aztec civilization revolved around an ideological, social, and political system in which expansion was the cornerstone. Expansion was the cornerstone of their whole civilization because their religion requested that a large number of human sacrifices were to be made to the gods. To get these sacrifices the Aztec went to war with other tribes in Mexico. The people that they captured became sacrifices to the gods. With each conquest more sacrifices and more land was added to the Aztec kingdom. The Aztecs had a strong civilization that was familiar with organized, large scale war, had specialized war chiefs, and a well organized system of territorial levy in which large armies could be brought together in a short period of time. Although, they may have been well prepared or organized for a war, but they were not prepared for internal changes in their civilization. When expansion was no longer an option, their system crumbled. Without expansion they could no longer give the human sacrifices in the same amount in which they used to. Upon the arrival of the Spanish the Aztec government was falling apart, and Montezuma II (ruler of the Aztecs) programs of internal military consolidation and administrative and social stabilization had failed. . The Spanish used the Aztecs own legends to take advantage of them and gain the upper hand. Montezuma believed that Hernando Cortes, leader of the Spanish army, was the God Quetzalcoatl. An Aztec legend said that Quetzalcoatl was driven away by another rival g...

Chinua Achebe's Things fall apart Research Paper

Chinua Achebe's Things fall apart - Research Paper Example Culture may mean a set of shared paradigms that reflect the values, attitudes and beliefs of a person, together with the tools and artifacts that make life possible for a unit of individuals. Future generations inherit the norms and beliefs, leading to further acquisition of culture. Culture usually consists of values and norms that guide the behavior of those who share in it, thereby, it is synonymous to tradition. Cultural differences are as a result of many factors, but most importantly, geographical locations. It is also common to find a minor culture within a major one, that is to say, cultures and sub cultures. For example, many people would be aware of the African culture that emphasizes unity and brotherliness. However, within the African culture, there are subcultures defined by the location of each country. Even further, there are subcultures within a country. In reference to the definition of a culture, it is clear that a culture is present everywhere; within a society, an organization, a family or among friends. However, this paper will emphasize on societal culture with emphasis on conflicts caused by culture and its aspects such as sexuality, culture change and language. The paper gives reference to Things fall apart, a book by Chinua Achebe. Chinua Achebe narrates the consequences and struggles that accompany cultural change, and how it affects the people of a rural village, Umuofia. Before the arrival of missionaries, the people in Umuofia village had a patterned culture, which defined their traditions. They worshiped gods, offered sacrifices and lived communally. Additionally, leadership and war determined a man’s worth to the society. Achebe uses Okonkwo as an example of what the village expects of a man (Achebe 35). Achebe develops conflict in the eyes of a clash between change and culture. The arrival of missionaries threatens the stability of this culture, bringing with it unexpected change. Whenever there is an anticipated change in culture and tradition, conflict usually arises. Conflict refers to a state of competition between groups or people with goals that are incompatible, struggle for power, or struggle for scarce resources. Conflict is an essential aspect of human relationships, and so people always devise appropriate ways to resolve conflicts whenever they occur. For the people of Umuofia, villager elders resolved conflicts between people or groups within the village. People conceive conflicts differently, and this determines the ways they devise to deal with conflicts. Some people conceive conflict as a result of a struggle for resources necessary for people to reach their goals. Others perceive it differently, with no connection to material acquisition. They see it as a result of divergent perceptions about issues, situations or beliefs. These conceptions reflect the complexity of social behavior and perceptions. Understanding conflicts requires insight that most conflicts include mixed motives that include cooperation and competition. One must also understand that the parties conflicting believe that their respective divergent goals are responsible for the conflicts. This is important because the people involved will ultimately act on their perceptions and beliefs. The conception that conflict is as a result of the struggle for scarce resources is referred to as â€Å"realism†

Speaking skill in teaching English as second language Essay

Speaking skill in teaching English as second language - Essay Example ational process focuses more on evaluation framework which is unlike Western process of education, and this instills fear of committing errors in Japanese EFL learners. Therefore, EFL teachers should focus on creating informal ambiance within the classroom and establishing positive relationship among students from different cultural backgrounds so that Japanese learners can shed their language anxiety in front of others. Today, English has become a common language to be taught in schools all over the world. For this purpose, schools are making broad use of technology in combination with second language theories. The idea is to adapt the best available practice that can enhance learning of English as second language. Any process that has been proved by previous research to yield best results is regarded as the best practice. It essentially includes â€Å"commitment of a teacher who is willing to use the knowledge and techniques at his or her disposal to ensure student success† (Li, 2013, p.218). Foreign language anxiety is increasingly becoming a common phenomenon among learners, and it is rapidly gaining attention among researchers for its significant impact on a learner’s ability to learn and retain a new language. This paper focuses on Japanese EFL learners’ fear of speaking English. Recommendations have been provided on how to overcome such fear. Although English has become a compulsory subject in most secondary and tertiary institutions in Japan, it is still an extremely common phenomenon that Japanese people exhibit poor English communication skills. Every year, millions of dollars are spent for making Japanese people proficient in English with the help of native or non-native English speaking teachers. Many Japanese students even travel to Western countries to learn English. There are many accepted theories that tend to explain poor English speaking skills among the Japanese. One such theory blames the geographical location of the country that isolates

Reviewing The Effectiveness Of Uk Drug Policy Criminology Essay

Reviewing The Effectiveness Of Uk Drug Policy Criminology Essay This paper argues that a meticulous review of the effectiveness of UK drug policy is urgently needed. Policy as contained in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (the MDA), Drugs Act 2005, Medicines Act 1968 and strategy document Drugs: Protecting families and communities]   is currently in a state of disrepair. The question suggests a contemporary over-influence of rhetorical bases in policy formation and evaluation, to the detriment of a frank review of its actual effectiveness, however I am unconvinced this artificial annexation of such broad notions will forge the more effective drug policy to which the question also refers. Rather, I propose that these notions describe the many authorities manipulated and dovetailed to produce and justify a much wider policy model. And it is this model, and the weight given to those authorities that currently hinders the effectiveness of the UK drug policy and deserves review. I call into question the way in which our current system is criminalised v ia the implementation of the MDAs class system, limited to non traditional drugs, and based on control as justified by rhetoric. I propose a more appropriate direction in the adoption of an evidentially based harm reduction model, in line with the home offices most recent policy. 2. UK Drug Policy In order to explore the necessity for a rigorous evaluation of the current UK drug policy; one must gain a comprehensive understanding of what the contemporary policy actually is, and why.  [2]  This can be demonstrated most thoroughly and accurately through a brief analysis of some of the most important policy models affiliated with our domestic drug policy. Through extrapolating the wider reasoning behind our current system I hope to decipher the influences on policy decisions and where the weight imposed on such factors is unsatisfactory the balance should be changed. 2.1. Medicalization A timeline stretching from the nineteenth century keynotes the first defined drug policy of full medicalization at the end of the century.  [3]  This stance places drug users within a medical paradigm, seeing addiction as a disease.  [4]  Whilst this ideology can still be seen as a strand within medicinal interactions with problem drug users, in terms of treatment and the Medicines Act 1968; it no longer works as the basis of domestic strategy. 2.2. A War on Drugs Nixons 1973 use of the metaphor of warfare in relation to drug policies has since seen the USA [wage] an ever-escalating war on drugs.  [5]  This has impacted the UK, where it is argued that criminal law and arguments of morality are deeply embedded in UK drug policy,  [6]  evidenced through a movement towards a largely American-inspired prohibitionist approach in post war years, simply echoing the Pharmacy Act 1869s earlier quasi-medical control of certain substances.  [7]  And I argue that this prohibitionist control still underpins UK drug policy today;  [8]  framing contemporary strategy documents.  [9]  My research suggests this ideology that has lead to drug policy becoming crime-focused to an extent that it can be viewed as distinctively and substantively different in the twenty first century.  [10]   2.3. Criminalisation Academics have noted that the home office has used its influence to try to push Britain towards a system similar to that of the USAreliant solely on control measures.  [11]  With the MDA regulating drugs using a complex legislative framework revolving around the criminalisation of a band of illicit drugs focussing on penal control, apparently based on risk assessment of the harms these drugs cause to the exclusion of traditional drugs such as alcohol and tobacco.  [12]  This was compounded further by the Drugs Act 2005 placing law enforcement and crime reduction [as] central features of the agenda, working alongside the MDA in criminalising the activities surrounding certain drugs.  [13]   The government has maintained that this fundamental purpose of providing a framework within which criminal penalties are set is correct, compounding the overwhelming priority of criminalisation in the current drug policy.  [14]  I argue this undermines current drug strategy aim to reduce the harm that drugs cause to society, to communities, individuals and their families.  [15]  Gower has expressed a deep concern regarding this over-reliance on criminalisation as the means of control, arguing that it lacks a clear grounding in evidence, and it does not achieve its objective to reduce the misuse of drugs.  [16]  This criticism coming from a strong academic feeling that criminalisation seems to define our current definition of the drugs problem, with critics calling into question this nonsensical and unjustified focus on punishment and enforcement.  [17]   2.3.1. Why has the drug-crime link come to be the principal lens through which the drug problem is viewed today?  [18]   The governments criminalisation of drug use is validated by suggestions that drug use and crime are linked in some way;  [19]  as demonstrated by the home office website.  [20]   This contemporary obsession with the drug crime link,  [21]  refers to a belief that the drug trade is linked to serious organised crime.  [22]  Officials argue that the coincidence of drugs and criminal activity can be understood through a theory of causation, and remains a key strand in current drug policy. However, this long history of exaggerated claims has been damned by experts, recognising that whilst there are links; it is surprisingly difficult to show that any of the commonly misused drugs directly cause any behaviour.  [23]  A number of studies have identified only vague correlations,  [24]  with limited evidence showing any causal connections between drugs and crime, somewhat questioning any conviction that drugs cause crime.  [25]  The perceived drug clime link is simply a rhetorical justification of the criminalisation of policy direction, lacking any real evidential strength.  [26]   2.2.2. The Role of the Media Consultation papers work as a key resource in the governments current evaluative process.  [27]  However, public opinion and thus their responses are fundamentally manipulated by the media. Newspapers work in many ways as a talking shop for politicians to inform much of what we know, or think we know, about crime; with careful choices by such outlets triggering a variety of public responses.  [28]  Schlesinger et al assert that media representations are a key moment in the process whereby public discourses concerning crime and justice are made available for general consumption.  [29]  Thus, in consultation papers recognised as conversations with the public and the limited existing form of evaluation medias interpretation is likely to implicate subsequent responses; somewhat negating the productivity of consultation.  [30]   Distorted media presentation of substances can influence popular belief about their harmfulness, which then directly implicates change in drug policy; with clear inconsistencies between reality and reports.  [31]  Mannings commentary on ecstasy depicts how a series of well documented media-led moral panics can lead to an evolution of the governments policy, based on individual tragedies and anecdotes rather than rational analysis of evidence and pragmatic public health responses.  [32]  The rushed classification of Mephedrone recently echoed this to the letter.  [33]  Whilst it denies reviews react to media attention,  [34]  I argue that through sacking David Nutt following such pressure,  [35]  government showed [its] willingness to [bow] to public mood, feeding policy with rhetoric.  [36]  I assert that this amplified role of media in the formulation of drug policy forges political moves driven by people pleasers, rather than evidence. 2.3.3. The role of ACMD The Advisory council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) is a statutory body which aim[s] to advise the government on drug policy and treatment  [37]  . However, its validity is questionable. Firstly, ACMD has a statutory duty to consider both medical and societal harms when making recommendations,  [38]  with a number of factors feeding into decisions, including unconvincing theories, the media, culture and what the public is thought to think  [39]  . Secondly its remit seems to be restricted to those substances the government are concerned with notably excluding alcohol and tobacco. And finally, when scientific bodies bring evidence at odds with governmental direction; it is disregarded.  [40]  Despite Professor Wiles assertion that the Government does not interfere with the independence of the ACMD and that ACMD have freely decided not to advise them about traditional drugs,  [41]  their ambit is limited to illicit drugs, because their advice intended to be indepen dent at present, depends on government policy, not just scientific evidence. ACMD is forced to be political in nature; used as puppets of government in its attempt to legitimize a framework that simply does not correlate with the statistical evidence experts propose.  [42]   2.4. Cultural prejudice The government itself notes that the distinguishing factors regarding the illegality of drugs are based in large part on historical and cultural precedents  [43]  . Politicians are it would seem unwilling to tackle traditional drugs, simply because it would conflict with deeply embedded historical tradition and tolerance.  [44]  Safe.Sensible.Social promotes a sensible drinking culture rather than the prohibition of alcohol,  [45]  which is of stark contrast to any policy regarding what are regarded as illicit drugs. The reasoning for this polarity is defended though the social acceptability of alcohol and tobacco; which are void of any scientific basis.  [46]  This method of distinction questions the validity of our drug policy; emphasising how arbitrary the nature of the way in which we currently decipher which drugs fall within the ambit of the MDA really is.  [47]   2.4.1. Traditional Drugs Because of a preoccupation with illicit drugs in recent decades there has been, until relatively recently, much less discussion on alcohol. This is changing.  [48]  The government has introduced two alcohol policies, the most recent being Safe.Sensible.Social in 2007, however health professionals who had pressed for the alcohol strategy were critical of it when it appeared in 2004 and the 2007 review was thought to be little better.  [49]  Whilst the government discredit direct comparisons between illegal drugs and alcohol as inappropriate,  [50]  the evidence brought to government by the Health Select Committee covering a huge breadth of harms concludes that England has a drink problem.  [51]  Comparisons are appropriate and necessary. WHO deduces that two million deaths are caused by excessive alcohol consumption world-wide each year, with it being responsible for 11% of the total disease burden in Europe.  [52]  Alongside this, 90% of all drug related deaths ar e attributed to alcohol and tobacco.  [53]  In addition there are arguments of a strong correlation between binge drinking and offending,  [54]  even satisfying the flimsy drug-crime link precedent of the MDA. The governments response that the classification system under the MDA is not a suitable mechanism for regulating legal substances such as alcohol and tobacco;  [55]  is met with criticism of their complacency in the face of the seriousness of our current predicament.  [56]  Nutt expresses that it is this omission from the classification system that, perhaps more than any other, truly lays bare its fundamental lack of consistency, reasoning or evidence base.  [57]  If classified under any realistic assessment of toxicity, addictiveness and mortality rates both drugs would certainly be criminalised and prohibited under the current system  [58]  . There is a clear presumption; were alcohol introduced today it would be classified and criminalised.  [59]   2.5. Political rhetoric is far removed from the reality  [60]   The governments use of broad definitions, reliance on rhetorical justifications and a seemingly unconvincing distinction of legal and illegal drugs despite their harms, leads us to a strange statutory framework which legalizes drugs alcohol and nicotine that are equally, if not more, addictive and cause more death and ill health thanthe most feared illegal drugs.  [61]   The moral panics constructed by the failure of politicians promises of a drug free world, have lead to claims that the current policy is an embarrassment, unproductive, and based on a band of rhetoric amidst a failing model of criminalisation and penal thinking.  [62]  Whilst both the alcohol and drug policies suggest a dedication to minimizing the harms caused by drug use, the prevalence of tough talk and political posturing has invariably triumphed over common sense, with the key aim of harm reduction lost within the framework of a criminalisation model.  [63]  This clearly calls into question the legitimacy of the advisory council, politicians, and the effectiveness of our drug policy and legislation. 3. A Call for Evaluation The governmental strategy is ad hoc in its foundations, attracting a plethora of criticism regarding the artificiality of the dominant construction of criminality. ACMD suggest that there is scope to explore how effectively the current system is operating,  [64]  and Journalists are led to similar conclusions following indications of the insufficiency of current policy.  [65]  As reports continually conclude, this war on drugs has been a disaster.  [66]  With Boland encapsulating this exasperation in his assessment that the logic of continuing to pour huge amounts of public money into fighting a war that is patently not going to be won must be revisited with a more questioning mind.  [67]  Both scientifically and rhetorically, there are calls for evaluation with an eye to a more effective policy model in which evidential distinctions will thrive. 3.1. The Ambit of Evaluation An evaluation should cover all substances regarded as harmful drugs. Scientists and academics struggle to specifically define what a drug is; mainly retracting back to science with reference to mixtures of chemicals and their effects on users.  [68]  It is fundamentally the mission of the law to draw distinctions, writing laws that draw careful and appropriate distinctions between the permitted and the prescribed.  [69]  The war on drugs has become a war on certain (illicit) drugs, with traditional others such as alcohol and tobacco falling outside of the scope of the draconian enforcement of controls.  [70]  The one obvious basis for distinction between legal and illegal drugs are that illicit drugs are those that create a high risk of harm to the users or others, however even this has been proved to be, inherently flawed.  [71]   3.2. Drugs and Harm: A New Agenda for a New Government  [72]   Although law enforcement has been given a higher priority in recent yearsthey coexist with a quite different line of thinking and action, that of harm reduction.  [73]  An evaluation of the current policy should use an increasingly evidence based approach, with particular regard to the classification of traditional and non traditional drugs within this harm reduction model. If a harm reduction approach is adopted, the policy will work to reduce the harms that result from the misuse of drugs, which waste lives, destroy families and damage communities.  [74]  However, legislations hidden implication of harm reduction is currently insufficient.  [75]  Any such base has been overshadowed in recent decades through the MDAs more prominent regime of classification and subsequent criminalisation of illicit substances.  [76]  Through exploring classification in its present form compared to how it could be improved through using this model, I hope to illustrate how the governme nt could develop strategies which may lead the drug user into less harmful patterns of drug use, rather than simply enforcing the law and punishing wrongdoers.  [77]   4. Drug Classification: making a hash of it  [78]   Despite indications that the current classification system is indefensible;  [79]  the home office has said it has little intention of changing this framework, deciding not to pursue a review of the classification system at this time.  [80]  I counteract that this is a mistake, with the the methodology and processes underlying classification systems inherently flawed.  [81]  As per Forte et al, in a freedom loving society no conduct by rational adults should be criminalised unless it is harmful to others; I argue that a transparent evaluation of the way in which our policy works and should work is long overdue.  [82]   4.1. Policy needs to informed by evidence  [83]   Critics have, in many ways, attributed the failing classification system to it being closed to scientific evidence.  [84]  Many arguing that the MDA simply reflects official perceptions of relative harmfulness,  [85]  claiming that the government routinely cherry picks and spins figuresto give a misleading impression.  [86]  I suggest that this can be remedied through a clearer, more sagacious approach  [87]  . And support the notion that evidence should not dictate all aspects of drug policy, but that clear distinctions need to be made when policy is based on scientific evidence and when it is made on the basis of particular conception of what society should be like.  [88]  Nutt has said that people really dont know what the evidence is. They see the classification, they hear about evidence and they get mixed messages [with the] scientific probity of governmentundermined in this kind of way.  [89]  The public should be fully informed of the basis of the frame work presented to them, and the reasoning behind this. Rhetoric and cultural influences are an important factor in formulating policy decisions and communicating with the public and their impact should not be wholly negated, rather a limitation of rhetorics weighted influence in key decisions regarding the harmfulness of drugs is needed. 5. Policy Consequences Upon evaluation I suggest that the current system will be regarded as outdated, ineffective and in need of a complete regeneration. Whereas at present it seems the ACMD can only recommend prohibition,  [90]  I have not explored, nor will I advocate, the notion of legalisation or indeed the criminalisation of harmful substances. Rather, I suggest such an approach is unproductive, and envisage a two pronged approach; involving the current penal system as just that a system of punishment, running parallel with a more scientifically based approach. 5.1. One Policy In accordance with my discussion regarding the scientific evidence about alcohol induced harm, I believe that alcohol policys separation from the UK drug policy is unnecessary and unproductive. We must fully endorse harm reduction approaches at all levels and especially stop the artificial separation of alcohol and tobacco as non-drugs.  [91]  As it stands, there is no sign that the governments aims to reduce harmful alcohol consumption have been achieved.  [92]  Increasingly strong evidence suggests a long term trend towards the integration of traditional and non traditional drugs.  [93]  And I support a more comprehensive policy that amalgamates drugs and alcohol, using the evidence bases made available to the government to truly work to reduce the harms caused by drug misuse in the UK.  [94]   6.2. Rational Scale Based primarily on the work of Nutt, King, Saulsbury and Blakemore, I am calling for a second scale that doesnt simply masquerade itself as an indication of the harmfulness of drugs; but is an accurate scientific representation of the harmfulness of each drug. This would be decoupled from penalties, to give the public a better sense of the relative harms involved, working as a second pillar to a continued penal classification system, with very little change.  [95]  Transform has supported the pragmatic nature of this scheme, and my research would suggest that many critics would welcome this scientific inclusion,  [96]  offering scientific evidence of actual risks as a way of replacing perceived risk in the classification process  [97]  . A key issue with this approach is the deciphering of what harm actually is, however I propose that this scale would allow for flexibility in the interim period of its existence. Whilst Nutt has criticised the current systems lack of flexi bility,  [98]  he is confident that this modified scale is remarkably robust as data is added to it, clearly opening its doors to a workable and scien

GameStop POP Displays Essay

I recently went to a retail shop near my house to observe a number of things about point of purchase of a number of items displayed. I visited the store which was one of the most talked about in my area so tempted to try that place I paid a trip to GameStop, being only a quarter mile away from my house. Upon entering the shop I was fascinated by the size and the rush of the people at the store. At that spur of moment I realized that this place will most definitely possess a variety of items at display. As I moved around I noticed there was adequate space for the crowd to view each and every display. But obviously there were certain items that really attracted people for various reasons, either out of curiosity or genuinely being interested in the displayed matter. After a whole walk through of the GameStop store, I counted and checked with the reception that there were 22 displays to ensure I dint miss out any of them for my observation. The object that really caught my attention was the Guitar Hero World Tour as it was the first display I stood and the longest. This is because the minute I entered the shop, the item was right in front so it was unlikely that anyone would have missed it. Also owing to the fact that high definition television with surround sound is one of my interests but the facility to reserve a copy of my own and the date of when it will be released really impressed me. To my disappointment Little Big Planet was really unsuccessful, not just in my view but the general public as well. No release date was mentioned so there was no point pondering over it. Maybe that’s why it was displayed at a dimly lit area, right at the back of the store. Also being stacked being other displays just made it even more difficult to reach out to it. I even went up to the store manager to get a better insight on how they operated the POP display. As a layman I questioned him over POP displays and trade allowances on which he was well informed. He mentioned that POP displays were used as means of sales promotion and getting the customer in the game shop. For example Play Station 3 was prominently situated right at the center of the store so that most of the customer traffic gathered around there, in that way once they were done with having a feel of Play Station 3, they will have to go through other products, in this way maneuvering the customers. But not all items were displayed according to the manager who suggested that 10% were not used to allow other unpopular games to be made accessible for a segmented market. Store size was also not big enough to cater all the products that is why it is critical to determine which items need to be displayed. This determination is also done by the upper management on the basis of the location and size of the store. Though one troubled factor for the manager was that a booklet was the foundation of setting up a display (Source: POP Display) Similarly trade allowance was used as means of offering negotiated price for the customers to feel tempted to purchase the product as such lucrative offers are not available every other time. Another way how trade allowance helped was that sales personnel made good efforts to sell their respective products. Surprisingly the manager hardly knew about the practicality in applying trade allowance theory on GameShop store as upper management simply kept this information to themself. In this way the manager really felt frustrated on the inability to understand how and why certain reasons are considered acceptable to the upper management while he might disagree. (Source: Trade Allowance) As I see lack of ownership has really got the level of performance below, which could really be avoided to enhance sales as more and more products would have been presented in a better manner. Works Cited 1. Principles of Marketing (POP Display). 13 October 2008 . 2. Principles of Marketing (Trade Allowance). 13 October 2008 .

Police Discretion

Discretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin &ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discretion leads to selective enforcement practices and may result in discrimination against certain groups of people or select individuals (Young, 2011).Most police officer discretion is exercised in situational situations with individuals (Sherman, 1984). Discrimination can lead to legal problems for an officer of the law. If discrimination due to an officer’s use of discretion results in a violation of due process it is a violation of the law (Young, 2010). Due process is the constitutionally mandated pr ocedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of liberty, life, or property (Pollock, 2010). One of the main concerns with using discretion is the possibility of it leading to a violation of due process by racial profiling.Types of Negative Police Discretion Racial profiling occurs when a police officer uses a â€Å"profile† as reasonable suspicion to stop a person with the intent to obtain consent to search their belongings (Pollock, 2010). These stops are usually traffic stops and the officer is looking to obtain consent to search the individual’s automobile. The â€Å"profile† used is based on race. In these cases, an officer is using their discretion to target minority groups because they believe they are involved in criminal activities.The concern with using this profile is that racial stereotyping of minority groups will lead police to crack down on minorities more than on other groups. While police see the action of racial pro filing as a normal police tactic, minority groups see the actions as racist (Young, 2011). Although most studies on police officer discretion is focused on racial profiling, it has also been shown that officers patrol hot spots. Hot spots are areas known to have a high rate of criminal activity. Focusing on hot spots is an officer’s discretion, because they are ignoring other areas that could potential produce criminal activities.All surveillance and enforcement efforts are focused on the â€Å"hot† area. Not only are officers ignoring other areas, but they have determined those areas are not as important as the hot spot. Hot spots can prove to be problematic if the criminal activity located in the hot spot before it was being patrolled is moved to a new location. The new location is prone to no police surveillance because all resources are focused on the old hot spot (Mastrofski, 2011). Discretion and the Use of Force Police have the uncontested right to use force whe n necessary to apprehend a suspect.If the force exceeds that which is necessary it is defined as excessive force and is illegal. An officer’s discretion on use of force is a based on judgment. They do not know if a judge will later rule an instance of use of force as excessive or not. There is a fine line between what is considered acceptable force and what is considered excessive force. All an officer can do is use their training to determine what is and what is not excessive force for the given circumstances (Pollock, 2010). The use of force is highly resistant to change, even after the Rodney King incident.Rodney King was a subject of police brutality. He was repeatedly beat with a baton by Los Angeles police officers, while other officers stood by watching without attempting to stop the excessive force. The pattern of excessive force may be so ingrained in some police department cultures that it remains unaffected by other high profile excess force cases, such as the Rodn ey King case. This pattern is termed the â€Å"culture of force. † The culture of force is also subject to an officer’s discretion. The culture of force is detrimental to a department.The Los Angeles Police Department in the 1980s and 1990s would act on a tip and destroy homes by breaking toilets, ripping sofas, and spray painting â€Å"LAPD Rules! † on the walls. These acts by the Los Angeles Police Department prove the culture of the department will have an influence on the individual officer (Pollock, 2010). Police departments have use-of-force policies that specify when force may be used and the proper level of force to be used under given circumstances. Most departments use a continuum-of-force approach that allows proportional force to the suspect’s resistance.The level of force by an officer increases in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect. Policies such as this one have been put into place following many humiliating acts of exc essive force. The policies are in place in an attempt to prevent future acts of excessive force (Pollock, 2010). Studies on Police Discretion National studies on police behavior have failed to adequately address the issue of police discretion. Due to the lack of important research data, analysts have developed suggestions on how to improve an individual officer’s discretion by educating the entire department on proper use of discretion.The current suggestions are focused on officers in higher ranks developing an educational program for their department addressing areas of needs they have observed. They are the eyes of the department, and it is there job to know what their officers needs entail. Each department will have different needs based on the ethical viewpoints of their individual officers (Mastrofski, 2011). A study on police discretion conducted in Canada was implemented to try to eliminate negative police discretion. The study first mandated that all reported violati ons of the law be recorded.The results of the study had effective but temporary results. There were more records of assaults, robberies, thefts, and mischief. However, the study had no effects on reports of burglaries and car thefts. It is estimated that during the one year study police recorded 13,000 extra crimes. Although there was an increase in records, detection and reporting rates remained the same. The extra recordings were determined to be ineffective because the community reported that they did not notice a difference in the policing styles (Boivin &ump; Cordeau, 2011). Ethical Dilemmas in Police DiscretionEthical dilemmas are â€Å"situations in which it is difficult to make a decision, either because the right course of action is not clear or the right course of action carries some negative consequences. † Ethical dilemmas entail the individual struggling with personal decision making, and sometimes results in a personal dilemma. Departmental policy can lead to pe rsonal dilemmas as well if it means going against an individual officer’s ethical system beliefs. This can lead to the officer seeking a change in law to match their own person views on the issue (Pollock, 2010).Utilitarianism is â€Å"the ethical system that claims the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number. † Utilitarianism therefore argues racial profiling is ethical because the â€Å"end† of drug interdictions justifies the â€Å"means† of harassing and inconveniencing the group. An argument against this justification is that when an officer uses racial profiling in decision making, the officer’s motives obscured. They do not concentrate on what is important for investigations. Behavior is what is important, not demographics (Pollock, 2010).Ethical formalism states that â€Å"the only thing truly good is a good will. † This ethical system does not agree with the idea of racial profiling. Acc ording to Pollock, it would mean that everyone should be stopped in the same way, so everyone would have to agree to be stopped numerous times every week. Since society most likely will not all agree that everyone should be stopped the same, racial profiling would not be an accepted practice in the ethical formalism system (Pollock, 2010). It is difficult to apply ethical systems to the use of deadly force and tasers. This is because each situation involving the use of force is different.At times an officer may benefit from the use of a taser, but other times the use, or threat of use, of a deadly weapon is more effective. Officers may argue that tasers do not always benefit the suspect because tasers do not always stop people. Departmental policies usually overrule ethics in the use of force. This is because officers have a duty of protection, so if they can accomplish their task without hurting the individual their duty would require the lesser use of force. Every officer has a du ty to prevent crime. If they feel an individual is a criminal based on race, then formal policies are going to conflict with their ethics.In other words, if an officer believes racial profiling is an effective method of policing their ethics are going to conflict with formal policies. An effective method to correct this conflict has been to educate officers on evidence that proves stopping minorities based on their race are less likely to result in criminal activity than stops based on behavioral-based criteria. Even with education, an officer’s ethics can still prevail over evidence learned in training. This is because the officer’s ethical standards still tell them racial profiling is more effective (Pollock, 2010).Training to Eliminate Unethical Police Discretion Practices Efforts to eliminate racial discrimination in the police culture are in the form of new officer recruitment and training and taught through patrol work. These measures are taken to eliminate negat ive discretion, such as racial profiling, by developing better relationships with the community regardless of the racial composition. The goal is to make police-citizen interactions more frequent, varied, and dispersed throughout the community (Mastrofski, 2011). A suggestion was made on how to police hot spots by Mastrofski.He suggested that instead of having officers stationed in hot spots with full personal discretion on how they police the area, they should be told how long to patrol the area or told what tactics to use in the area. This will eliminate complete personal discretion by the officers patrolling the hot spot areas. The time limit of policing the hot spot is to reduce the amount of neglect other areas in the community experience due to the policing of hot spot areas. The goal of this plan is to continue with the crack downs in hot spot zones without neglecting other areas in the community (Mastrofski, 2011).Conclusion Although this research paper focused on the negati ve effects of police discretion, there can also be positive effects. Things such as giving offenders of minor traffic violations less of a punishment or giving first time youth offenders less of a punishment to let them learn from their mistakes are examples of what can be termed positive police discretion. However, what is considered positive discretion to one person could be negative discretion to another. Every person has their own opinions about how police discretion should be handled.Some may think police should not be entitled to use discretion and every department should have policies the officers should follow instead. Other people may like that police have the use of discretion which could lead to a warning for a minor traffic violation instead of a fine. The topic of police discretion in relation to ethical dilemmas is also a heated debate. Since people have different ethics; every police officer will patrol a little different. It has been suggested that police departments educate their officers to be more uniform in their policing.Not only would this eliminate some of the negative discretion practices officers may have developed, it would also put all the officers on the same page with the way the department would like to have the community policed (Mastrofski, 2011). The concept of police discretion is a large topic of conversation among researchers. The problem I see with the topic of conversation is there is not a lot of research done on the actual affects of the individual discretion of each officer compared to a department that has been educated in following policies more than personal discretion.In fact, from what I saw there is not much research on the effects of discretion at all. It seems like it is a topic that is overlooked when researching the effectiveness of a department. I feel like before more solutions are found on how to correct the problem of discretion, more research needs to be done on how discretion plays a role in every day po licing. Until this research is conducted, all the articles published are on theories of discretion causing problems, and all of the solutions mentioned are methods to correct a problem that has not even been proven to be an issue yet. Police Discretion Discretion is defined as the authority to make a decision between two or more choices (Pollock, 2010). More specifically, it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to identify and to document criminal and noncriminal events† (Boivin &ump; Cordeau, 2011). Every police officer has a great deal of discretion concerning when to use their authority, power, persuasion, or force. Depending on how an officer sees their duty to society will determine an officer’s discretion. Discretion leads to selective enforcement practices and may result in discrimination against certain groups of people or select individuals (Young, 2011).Most police officer discretion is exercised in situational situations with individuals (Sherman, 1984). Discrimination can lead to legal problems for an officer of the law. If discrimination due to an officer’s use of discretion results in a violation of due process it is a violation of the law (Young, 2010). Due process is the constitutionally mandated pr ocedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of liberty, life, or property (Pollock, 2010). One of the main concerns with using discretion is the possibility of it leading to a violation of due process by racial profiling.Types of Negative Police Discretion Racial profiling occurs when a police officer uses a â€Å"profile† as reasonable suspicion to stop a person with the intent to obtain consent to search their belongings (Pollock, 2010). These stops are usually traffic stops and the officer is looking to obtain consent to search the individual’s automobile. The â€Å"profile† used is based on race. In these cases, an officer is using their discretion to target minority groups because they believe they are involved in criminal activities.The concern with using this profile is that racial stereotyping of minority groups will lead police to crack down on minorities more than on other groups. While police see the action of racial pro filing as a normal police tactic, minority groups see the actions as racist (Young, 2011). Although most studies on police officer discretion is focused on racial profiling, it has also been shown that officers patrol hot spots. Hot spots are areas known to have a high rate of criminal activity. Focusing on hot spots is an officer’s discretion, because they are ignoring other areas that could potential produce criminal activities.All surveillance and enforcement efforts are focused on the â€Å"hot† area. Not only are officers ignoring other areas, but they have determined those areas are not as important as the hot spot. Hot spots can prove to be problematic if the criminal activity located in the hot spot before it was being patrolled is moved to a new location. The new location is prone to no police surveillance because all resources are focused on the old hot spot (Mastrofski, 2011). Discretion and the Use of Force Police have the uncontested right to use force whe n necessary to apprehend a suspect.If the force exceeds that which is necessary it is defined as excessive force and is illegal. An officer’s discretion on use of force is a based on judgment. They do not know if a judge will later rule an instance of use of force as excessive or not. There is a fine line between what is considered acceptable force and what is considered excessive force. All an officer can do is use their training to determine what is and what is not excessive force for the given circumstances (Pollock, 2010). The use of force is highly resistant to change, even after the Rodney King incident.Rodney King was a subject of police brutality. He was repeatedly beat with a baton by Los Angeles police officers, while other officers stood by watching without attempting to stop the excessive force. The pattern of excessive force may be so ingrained in some police department cultures that it remains unaffected by other high profile excess force cases, such as the Rodn ey King case. This pattern is termed the â€Å"culture of force. † The culture of force is also subject to an officer’s discretion. The culture of force is detrimental to a department.The Los Angeles Police Department in the 1980s and 1990s would act on a tip and destroy homes by breaking toilets, ripping sofas, and spray painting â€Å"LAPD Rules! † on the walls. These acts by the Los Angeles Police Department prove the culture of the department will have an influence on the individual officer (Pollock, 2010). Police departments have use-of-force policies that specify when force may be used and the proper level of force to be used under given circumstances. Most departments use a continuum-of-force approach that allows proportional force to the suspect’s resistance.The level of force by an officer increases in direct response to escalating resistance of the suspect. Policies such as this one have been put into place following many humiliating acts of exc essive force. The policies are in place in an attempt to prevent future acts of excessive force (Pollock, 2010). Studies on Police Discretion National studies on police behavior have failed to adequately address the issue of police discretion. Due to the lack of important research data, analysts have developed suggestions on how to improve an individual officer’s discretion by educating the entire department on proper use of discretion.The current suggestions are focused on officers in higher ranks developing an educational program for their department addressing areas of needs they have observed. They are the eyes of the department, and it is there job to know what their officers needs entail. Each department will have different needs based on the ethical viewpoints of their individual officers (Mastrofski, 2011). A study on police discretion conducted in Canada was implemented to try to eliminate negative police discretion. The study first mandated that all reported violati ons of the law be recorded.The results of the study had effective but temporary results. There were more records of assaults, robberies, thefts, and mischief. However, the study had no effects on reports of burglaries and car thefts. It is estimated that during the one year study police recorded 13,000 extra crimes. Although there was an increase in records, detection and reporting rates remained the same. The extra recordings were determined to be ineffective because the community reported that they did not notice a difference in the policing styles (Boivin &ump; Cordeau, 2011). Ethical Dilemmas in Police DiscretionEthical dilemmas are â€Å"situations in which it is difficult to make a decision, either because the right course of action is not clear or the right course of action carries some negative consequences. † Ethical dilemmas entail the individual struggling with personal decision making, and sometimes results in a personal dilemma. Departmental policy can lead to pe rsonal dilemmas as well if it means going against an individual officer’s ethical system beliefs. This can lead to the officer seeking a change in law to match their own person views on the issue (Pollock, 2010).Utilitarianism is â€Å"the ethical system that claims the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number. † Utilitarianism therefore argues racial profiling is ethical because the â€Å"end† of drug interdictions justifies the â€Å"means† of harassing and inconveniencing the group. An argument against this justification is that when an officer uses racial profiling in decision making, the officer’s motives obscured. They do not concentrate on what is important for investigations. Behavior is what is important, not demographics (Pollock, 2010).Ethical formalism states that â€Å"the only thing truly good is a good will. † This ethical system does not agree with the idea of racial profiling. Acc ording to Pollock, it would mean that everyone should be stopped in the same way, so everyone would have to agree to be stopped numerous times every week. Since society most likely will not all agree that everyone should be stopped the same, racial profiling would not be an accepted practice in the ethical formalism system (Pollock, 2010). It is difficult to apply ethical systems to the use of deadly force and tasers. This is because each situation involving the use of force is different.At times an officer may benefit from the use of a taser, but other times the use, or threat of use, of a deadly weapon is more effective. Officers may argue that tasers do not always benefit the suspect because tasers do not always stop people. Departmental policies usually overrule ethics in the use of force. This is because officers have a duty of protection, so if they can accomplish their task without hurting the individual their duty would require the lesser use of force. Every officer has a du ty to prevent crime. If they feel an individual is a criminal based on race, then formal policies are going to conflict with their ethics.In other words, if an officer believes racial profiling is an effective method of policing their ethics are going to conflict with formal policies. An effective method to correct this conflict has been to educate officers on evidence that proves stopping minorities based on their race are less likely to result in criminal activity than stops based on behavioral-based criteria. Even with education, an officer’s ethics can still prevail over evidence learned in training. This is because the officer’s ethical standards still tell them racial profiling is more effective (Pollock, 2010).Training to Eliminate Unethical Police Discretion Practices Efforts to eliminate racial discrimination in the police culture are in the form of new officer recruitment and training and taught through patrol work. These measures are taken to eliminate negat ive discretion, such as racial profiling, by developing better relationships with the community regardless of the racial composition. The goal is to make police-citizen interactions more frequent, varied, and dispersed throughout the community (Mastrofski, 2011). A suggestion was made on how to police hot spots by Mastrofski.He suggested that instead of having officers stationed in hot spots with full personal discretion on how they police the area, they should be told how long to patrol the area or told what tactics to use in the area. This will eliminate complete personal discretion by the officers patrolling the hot spot areas. The time limit of policing the hot spot is to reduce the amount of neglect other areas in the community experience due to the policing of hot spot areas. The goal of this plan is to continue with the crack downs in hot spot zones without neglecting other areas in the community (Mastrofski, 2011).Conclusion Although this research paper focused on the negati ve effects of police discretion, there can also be positive effects. Things such as giving offenders of minor traffic violations less of a punishment or giving first time youth offenders less of a punishment to let them learn from their mistakes are examples of what can be termed positive police discretion. However, what is considered positive discretion to one person could be negative discretion to another. Every person has their own opinions about how police discretion should be handled.Some may think police should not be entitled to use discretion and every department should have policies the officers should follow instead. Other people may like that police have the use of discretion which could lead to a warning for a minor traffic violation instead of a fine. The topic of police discretion in relation to ethical dilemmas is also a heated debate. Since people have different ethics; every police officer will patrol a little different. It has been suggested that police departments educate their officers to be more uniform in their policing.Not only would this eliminate some of the negative discretion practices officers may have developed, it would also put all the officers on the same page with the way the department would like to have the community policed (Mastrofski, 2011). The concept of police discretion is a large topic of conversation among researchers. The problem I see with the topic of conversation is there is not a lot of research done on the actual affects of the individual discretion of each officer compared to a department that has been educated in following policies more than personal discretion.In fact, from what I saw there is not much research on the effects of discretion at all. It seems like it is a topic that is overlooked when researching the effectiveness of a department. I feel like before more solutions are found on how to correct the problem of discretion, more research needs to be done on how discretion plays a role in every day po licing. Until this research is conducted, all the articles published are on theories of discretion causing problems, and all of the solutions mentioned are methods to correct a problem that has not even been proven to be an issue yet.