Odysseus in The Odyssey Hero or Not Essay - 577 Words

The majority of those who read The Odyssey consider the protagonist of the story, Odysseus, a hero. On many occasions, however, Odysseus makes decisions beneficial to himself alone. For example, when Odysseus and his men find themselves on Polyphemuss island, Odysseuss actions are self-centered and at the expense of his men. This can be said for most of Odysseuss actions in the story, as his main objective is to reach his home. Having his men by his side when he returns seems a trivial thing to him. Odysseus could be considered a hero, but many of his actions say otherwise. Due to the many unfaithful and self-centered decisions he makes in the story, Odysseus is not a hero. Emphasizing on Odysseuss time on Polyphemuss†¦show more content†¦His bragging almost results in the death of his entire crew. Odysseus doesnt think highly of his men, and this is apparent throughout the entire story. One can be judged by their actions, but what truly shapes a person is their person ality. Odysseus is an over-confident and ill-tempered man. On the cyclopss island, Odysseuss boasting nearly proves costly. A modest and heroic person would have had his men in mind, rather than himself, and left the island. Also, Odysseus revealing his true identity to the cyclops could very well have resulted in the death of his men. After Odysseuss boasting, Polyphemus prays to his father, Let him lose all companions, and return / under strange sail to bitter days at home (Homer 9. (537-8). This prophecy, of course, becomes a reality. Another sign of Odysseuss over-confidence shows while he is explaining himself to King Alcinous. In some of his first words to the king, Odysseus again boasts of his accomplishments. Men hold me / formidable for guile in peace and war: / this fame has gone abroad to the skys rim (Homer 9. (127-8). Another very important fact is Odysseuss position on monogamy. Odysseus believes hes above monogamy, as he stays with many goddesses during h is journeys while Penelope stays faithful at home. A hero is not a boasting, over-confident person, but someone who does their actions for no reward. In conclusion, many of OdysseussShow MoreRelatedOdysseus : The Hero Of The Odyssey1912 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout the Odyssey, Odysseus experiences many ups and downs throughout his journey home. He is throw into peril and there often seems to be no hope for his return home. While he remains victorious in the end, returning to his wife, son, and father, the poem itself is filled with many darker moments filled with doubt and sadness. Odysseus is the hero of the Odyssey, and in order to exist as a hero he must be relatable. His story cannot be one entirely of triumph, it must include a more human perspectiveRead MoreOdysseus As A Hero In Homers The Odyssey1223 Words   |  5 Pages In the epic poem â€Å"The Odyssey† Odyssey, Homer gives Odysseus characteristics of a hero, but breaks the idea of this stereotype by giving Odysseus relatable characteristics making him more relatable. In the first half of the epic poem The Odyssey, readers are introduced to Odysseus, whose heroic characteristics outweigh his few relatable characteristics due to the intense heroic portrayal created by Homer. Homer describes Odysseus as a man who is proficient in everything: a wanderer; plunderingRead MoreOdysseus As A Hero In Homers Odyssey778 Words   |  4 Pagesnine of The Odyssey, â€Å"In the One-Eyed Giant’s Cave,† used the character Odysseus to appear heroic by showcasing the traits readers would find most desirable in a person. Homer showed such characteristics in Odysseus when he wrote him to be brave when confronted with danger, intelligent in problem-solving, and extremely loyal to his homeland. When forced into situations of great danger and in which they are challenged, heroes prevail, emerging stronger than before. Homer wrote Odysseus to be no differentRead MoreThe Odyssey: Is Odysseus Really a Hero?872 Words   |  4 PagesOdysseus can be portrayed as an antihero in The Odyssey. A hero is clever, respectful, brave, and shows mercy. Odysseus is the complete opposite of a hero. He is immature, barbaric, unfaithful, and a coward. Being faithful, or loyal, is one of the main aspects of being a hero. Book V shows us that Odysseus might not have been so faithful to Penelope: â€Å"Now as he spoke the sun set, dusk drew on/ and they retired, this pair, to the inner cave/ to revel and rest softly, side by side† (5. 234-236) Read MoreOdysseus As A Hero In The Odyssey By Homer1227 Words   |  5 PagesA hero is someone who is admired for their noble qualities. For example Odysseus in the story has the necessary qualities to classify him as a hero. Odysseus shows determination throughout the book, his entire journey back from war is all determination to get home. He exhibits strength and great powers at many different points like, when he is killing the suitors. Odysseus is brave even when times are rough, he mostly can push through anything. These traits can be seen as heroic today because theyRead MoreOdysseus As An Epic Hero In The Odyssey By Homer1109 Words   |  5 Pagesthe epic poem The Odyssey by Homer is about Odysseus, an epic hero. He is the king of Ithaca who goes to fight in the Trojan War. After 20 years, Odysseus finally returns home, although through many obstacles. Once in Ithaca, Odysseus kills the suitors who plague his wife, along with all other disloyal subjects. He fits the definition of an epic hero, which is an admirable character who displays courage while working towards a noble cause. More specifically, Odysseus is an epic hero because he makesRead MoreOdysseus As The Epic Hero In Homers Odyssey1019 Words   |  5 PagesOdysseus as the Epic Hero in Homer’s The Odyssey A style of work often explored in Greek literature is that of the epic. An expansive poem of a wide scope centered on and regarding the wondrous deeds of the main, heroic figure, on whose actions depend the fate of a nation. The definition of an epic can be used to describe The Odyssey by Homer. In The Odyssey we are introduced to our main character, Odysseus, the former king of Ithaca and a Trojan war hero who has been trapped on an Island by theRead MoreOdysseus, An Unconventional Hero Depicted in The Odyssey Essay1935 Words   |  8 PagesAn Unconventional Hero According to Greek mythology, a hero is one who values glory above life itself and honorably dies in the battle during his prime period of his life. After the gods and demi-god of Greece, heroes probably are the most admirable figures in society. However, Odysseus seems to defy the conventional definition of a hero. He is overwhelmed with tremendous obstacles and difficulty, often beyond that a normal man could endure but he determines to stay aliveRead MoreOdysseus was the Hero in the Epic, The Odyssey, by Homer827 Words   |  4 Pages Odysseus is the hero in the Epic â€Å"The Odyssey† by Homer. He embodies many characteristics of a typical Epic hero, but he still strays from the norm in some ways, which makes him unique. He values Ithaca, his home, so much that he spends years getting back, struggling the whole way, and doing what it takes to protect his home. Throughout the whole story, Odysseus is trying to get home. Odysseus’s purpose is to get his men and himself back to Ithaca. On the way, he and his crew face many challengesRead MoreOdysseus And His Throne : A Hero Of Homer s Odyssey995 Words   |  4 PagesOdysseus and His Throne Known as a hero of Homer’s epic poem the Odyssey, Odysseus was king of Ithaca and a legend amongst men. He was also an important figure in Homer’s Iliad. In Latin, he was known as Ulysses or Ulixes in Roman mythology hence there may originally have been two separate figures, one called something like Odysseus, the other something like Ulixes, who were combined into one complex personality.[1] Son of Laertes and Anticleia, Odysseus was renowned for being cunning and clever

The Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Essay

The Importance of Sports to Mass Communication Understanding of mass communication without attention to sport coverage is practically impossible. Through the mass media, millions and even billions of viewers, listeners and readers are brought into the experience of a great sports performance. The emotional power of sports performance enchanted by slow-motion video and musical sound track, can take you to breath away or bring tears to you eyes. There are a lot of massive spectacles like the Super Bowl, the World Series, the NBA play-offs, the Olympic Games, College Football Games. Each of these sports activities takes in many millions of dollars from television revenues and dominates national sports news for days or weeks. Cultural†¦show more content†¦As gratification research points out, we use media to serve both cognitive and affective needs. Sports fans identify with their teams or stars and, through media, acquire information and understanding about them and feel emotional identification with them. Media sports center attention on specific individuals, who through this process, become larger-than-life heroes and models for successful conduct. Sports today in our mass-mediated culture provide superstar archetypes to spur the imagination and dominate the ideals of youth and adult alike. Sport lefts fans see not only great deeds but also the deflation of heroes in their bad moments, the failure of authority in crisis -- a reassuring experience for common people all too aware of their own limitations. Subconsciously we may reflect, If Mike Tyson or Wade Boggs or Pete Pose cannot control his personal life, perhaps my life is not so bad. Sports pages today examine the heroes in details, warts and all, outlining details of greedy contracts, after-hours drug abuse, and sex lives, but sports heroes and their motivating power over others live on. Binary Oppositions The influential French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss (1967) argued for the importance of identifying the fundamental two-sided conflicts, or binary oppositions in sports. One of such two-sided conflicts is aShow MoreRelated The Fairness Doctrine Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Federal Communications Commission, also known as the FCC, introduced the Fairness Doctrine to make broadcasters report controversial issues of public importance in a manner that was equally balanced, honest, and fair. Broadcasting companies were required to provide a certain amount of airtime reporting accurate and fair information both for and against public issues. Broadcasters were not required to provide equal time for opposing views, but were required to present opposing viewpointsRead MoreWhat Is Mass Media? Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Mass Media ? Consider this for a moment: at whatever point you need to hear your main tune, watch your most loved show, or see the most recent current occasions, where do you go? You more than likely turn on your TV, radio, or PC. The source that most of the overall population uses to get their news and data from is viewed as broad communications. Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach the vast majorityRead MoreMidterm 1 Study Guide- incomplete Essay897 Words   |  4 Pageschanging Anglo-American attitudes about work, labor, and leisure in the 1600s and 1700s shape the recreational practices of colonial America? What does Nancy Struna mean by the â€Å"leisure preference,† and how does she believe it influenced attitudes about sport, recreation, and play in Anglo-America in the 1600s and 1700s? Be aware of significant regional differences in the culture, economy, and labor regimes of colonial America and how these differences influenced attitudes about work and play. What wereRead MoreTAG Heuer Asia Strategic Marketing Plan1360 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary TAG Heuer Hong Kongs strategy is to serve the upscale sports watch market. It will capitalize on the timekeeping technology and brand values. There is an untapped potential market that desires high-quality, stylish goods, but want the watch to represent both success and individual achievements from competitiveness. It is TAG HeuerHong Kongs intention to gain market share in the Hong Kong upscale watch market. The immediate goal is to build brand image and brand equity throughRead MoreCommunication Theory : The Agenda Setting Theory1326 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Theory Case Study Vidya Naidoo 5073 Communication Design Theory - Assignment Two Introduction: In this case study I will be analysing the Agenda Setting Theory of Communication proposed by Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw in 1972 in relation to the Cosmopolitan Australia magazine cover, Katy Perry issue 2014. Analysis of communication theory: The agenda setting theory by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw states that the ideas of the public in the modern world are constructedRead MoreNeed N Importance of Mass Media in Our Daily Life1377 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. Mass media’s influence on people’s lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priest’s sermons from the pulpit in the church Read MoreNeed N Importance of Mass Media in Our Daily Life1386 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life. Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the mass media like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. Mass media’s influence on people’s lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priest’s sermons from the pulpit in the church Read MoreThe Success Of Luxury Brands1137 Words   |  5 Pageseffectively create some emotional connection with its customers and should not strive to please mass markets, but specifically to only those customers whose beliefs align with the brands. Beliefs go further to establish a connection than just brand values; they are more specific and consequently lead to higher diversification (Keller et al, 2008). Ferrari provides a good example of this. An Italian luxury sports car manufacturing company, according to Brand Finance it is the 9th most powerful brand inRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Billig s The Same Name 865 Words   |  4 Pagesna tional solidarity and belonging among humans in the established nations. As examples, we might think about symbols in our daily life that contribute to create this sense of nationalism such as the use of flags on everyday contexts, national songs, sports events and contests, patriotic figures symbols on money, national clubs.. In addition, in the language, many symbols of the nationalism are effective such as popular expressions, turns of phrase and consideration of the ‘us’ as the people in the mediaRead MoreIntroduction to Sports Sponsorship1103 Words   |  5 Pagesanother way to promote their brands (Heismith, 1994). As defined by Cornwell et al. 2005), ‘’Sponsorships are a growing communication form, and are defined by a sponsor (i.e. a brand or firm) providing cash and/or other compensation in exchange for access to an object’s commercial potential (i.e. exposure and association with the cause, event, organisation or individual related to a sp ort, cultural, and/or non-profit entity)’’. Benett (1999) adds that, Sponsorships ‘’seek to achieve favourable publicity

Effective Risk Communication for Android Apps

Question: Describe about theMobile Business Technology of Effective Risk Communication for Android Apps? Answer: Introduction Less than half decade ago in India, the mobile phones were taken as the luxury goods. But now days the mobile telecommunication industry of the India is one of the fastest growing market. The mobile technology includes the ability of the staying connect; keep the business more productive even the employees are on the road. The mobile technology also includes the laptops, mobile application, smart phones and also the GPS devices which help the business owner to keep touch with the customers (Van Der Sluys, 2012). The mobile technology also helps in improving the communication among the business owner and the customer. Through the mobile technology the individuals also gets the ability of developing the communication on an instant basis and the respond are also on quick basis which depends on the business situations. To carry out this whole assignment here the chosen company is McDonalds. In the first part of the assignment it tells all about the how the presence of the mobile apps via iOS or the Android apps can be more beneficial so that McDonalds can do their promotion and also improve the selling of its products and the services. Then in the second part of the assignment it will be discussed to do the identification and also to do the comparison of the cost effective approaches which includes the ease of the use, location, product reviews, customer support, payments and also the link of the McDonalds with the social networking site which includes the face book, twitter, LinkedIn etc (Chen, Balijepally and Sutanto, 2012). About mobile industry, current trends, challenges and applications Now days the people are getting very busy in their own life so they dont have the time to personally go some of the place to spend some of the quality time. Due to this shortage of the time and also the improvement of the technology the many of the things of the daily life are getting more online so that time consumed can get reduced (Ereth, Lortz and Perner, 2014). Due to the presence of the mobile apps it gets beneficial for both the customers and the company also. McDonald needs to develop the android apps in such a way that they can also increase their sell via online also (Obiodu, 2012). As in now days everybody use the android phones in their life so if McDonalds launch some of the android apps it becomes very easy for the customer to give the order to the restaurant in a very less time which becomes very useful for the large numbers of the customers and the company also can grab the more numbers of the customer towards their company which can improve their sell of the services and the products which brings more hike in the profit of the company (Effective Risk Communication for Android Apps, 2014). Impact of mobile applications, accelerometer and the other interfaces in McDonalds With the development of the android applications of the phones, the developer implement some of the application which is specifically targeted the platform by using the frame work and the software development kit. The application of the android is mainly on the basis of the typically programmed java which accesses the functional platform of the android frame work. In contrast with the android apps, the application of the iOS also uses the programming language of the objective C and also the Apple frame works. In doing the cost benefit analysis of developing the mobile apps which does the customization of the mobile apps in doing the business so that it can streamline the customer contact and also add the conveniences for the customer and the running of the business by doing the exchange of the information and also doing the optimization of the sales (Ereth, Lortz and Perner, 2014). There are some of the reasons which are needed to be considered how the mobile android apps help in imp roving the business and also in the future. In the time of the developing the mobile apps the developer always needs to keep notice on the graphical interface of the apps so that it becomes more user friendly which helps the customer and also the business professional for doing their work in a good way and the interface also can guide the customer so that they can find out what they needs to do (Tilley and Dechokul, 2014). The developed apps of the android phones needs to be more convenient to do the use, the speed needs to be more maximum and also it becomes more easier to do the browsing and the developed apps gives the proper guidance to the customer in such a way that if they dont have any knowledge about the apps then also they can use the apps in their requirements. In the developed apps there needs to have that much availability with the presence of the features of the GPRS system so that it can becomes very easy to the customer that they can gather the ideas of the location and also can do the access of the location where ever it is needed. In the developing android apps the features of doing the search needs to be more users friendly so that it can guide the customer who doesnt have the basic knowledge about the things which are searched in the content (Juntunen, Tuunainen and Luukkainen, 2012). Impact of mobile application for doing the business transactions in McDonalds Some of the causing impacts of the mobile applications on the basis of the business transactions in McDonalds are described below: The developer of the McDonalds needs to provide the proper basic review of the android apps so that customer can gather the knowledge about the android apps and also give the elaborate details of the used software, versions and also basic needs which are going to be supported and the basic knowledge of the version of the software. Then the developer also needs to keep notice on the qualities of the images and the videos whether the qualities are good or bad which helps the customer to view the images and the videos (Mirzaei et al., 2012). The developed apps should be on that way specifying the types of the support the customer needed (Liao, Chou and Chao, 2014). The developer also needs to connect the apps to some of the social networking site which includes the face book, twitter, LinkedIn and the many others so that the purpose of the android apps for which the McDonalds are developing the apps gets fulfilled by providing the basic advertisement of the products of the company so th at the company can grab the more numbers of the customer towards their company because in now days about the 100% of the people are browsing the social networking site so that this site becomes the one of the good platform for doing the advertisement (Wang and Cui, 2012). So for increasing their advertisement and also the sale of the product the McDonalds needs to make some of the tie with these social networking sites so that the people can get to know about the products of their company. By doing the proper analyze of all the mentioned criteria of the developed apps the developer needs to make the software more cost effective so that it can becomes more profitable in launching this type of android or iOS apps (Liao, Chou and Chao, 2014). Critical evaluation and the identification to make more efficient business processes in McDonalds Now days the mobile application also becomes more helpful in doing the business transaction because due to the availability of this type of the android apps doing of the transaction of the money it becomes easier and also less time consuming. The mobile technology also reaches in to the existing and the new customers with the help of the direct channel which helps out with the sending ability of the tracking responses and the special offers. There also needs to have the product reviews system so that the customer can also give the required feedback about the problems what they are facing and also the suggestion what and where they needs to review and also to do the required changes so that it can makes the apps more user friendly to the customer. These are some of the above mentioned business processes which makes McDonalds more efficient and also can get in the touch at the door steps of the customer (MacIsaac, 2012). Conclusion: By concluding the above study of doing the development of the android apps and also doing the critical analyze of the all the sides of the developed apps the McDonalds needs to developed the apps and also launch the apps so that they can earn the more profit and also can expand the business by grabbing the more numbers of the customer towards their organization. In the above mentioned parts it is also discussed about the challenges, trends etc what any of the organization are going to face at the time of launching the new android apps and also needs to analyze how it can create the impacts in todays business world (Rahman, 2012). References Chen, W., Balijepally, V. and Sutanto, P. (2012). Does Mobile Technology Matter? A Student-Centric Perspective. IBIMA Business Review Journal, pp.1-10. Effective Risk Communication for Android Apps. (2014). IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput., 11(3), pp.252-265. Ereth, S., Lortz, S. and Perner, M. (2014). Confidentiality for Android apps: Specification and verification. it - Information Technology, 56(6). Ereth, S., Lortz, S. and Perner, M. (2014). Confidentiality for Android apps: Specification and verification. it - Information Technology, 56(6). Juntunen, A., Tuunainen, V. and Luukkainen, S. (2012). Critical Business Model Issues in Deploying NFC Technology for Mobile Services. International Journal of E-Services and Mobile Applications, 4(3), pp.23-41. Liao, H., Chou, C. and Chao, W. (2014). Functional Validation and Test Automation for Android Apps. IJMLC, 4(6), pp.553-558. Liao, H., Chou, C. and Chao, W. (2014). Functional Validation and Test Automation for Android Apps. IJMLC, 4(6), pp.553-558. MacIsaac, D. (2012). iOS physics learning apps (for Apple products iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad). The Physics Teacher, 50(1), p.61. Mirzaei, N., Malek, S., Psreanu, C., Esfahani, N. and Mahmood, R. (2012). Testing android apps through symbolic execution. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, 37(6), p.1. Obiodu, V. (2012). An Empirical Review of the Top 500 Medical Apps in a European Android Market. JournalMTM, 1(4), pp.22-37. Rahman, M. (2012). Making TeleTalk a Healthy Competitor among the Mobile Phone Operators in Bangladesh. J. Bus. Tech. (Dhaka), 5(2). Tilley, S. and Dechokul, K. (2014). Testing iOS Apps with HadoopUnit: Rapid Distributed GUI Testing. Synthesis Lectures on Software Engineering, 2(2), pp.1-103. Van Der Sluys, W. (2012). Even more video analysis iOS apps. The Physics Teacher, 50(1), p.61. Wancheng, X. (2012). Monitoring System of Power Line Icing Based on GPRS. Physics Procedia, 33, pp.705-711. Wang, X. and Cui, G. (2012). Multifunction GPS/GPRS Automobile Security System. AMR, 433-440, pp.629-634.

Michael Jordan Essays (1959 words) - Michael Jordan,

Michael Jordan Term Paper PHED 196 November 28, 2000 I had originally planned to write a paper on Michael Jordan's economical effect on today's sports in America. I had even researched and written two pages before I stopped and realized that I would like to instead discuss Michael Jordan's life and mystical career. Over the last twenty years Michael Jordan has captivated and awed me with his brilliant success both on and off the basketball court. I have wanted for some time to write about him and try to rationalize his seemingly unbelievable life and this paper has given me a chance. The legend began in 1981 with seventeen seconds left on the clock and seventeen feet between Michael and the basket. It was a shot any coach drawing up a play for a talented player for the final shot would die for. He knocked it in and North Carolina had its first National championship. Even though North Carolina had the best college player in the country in James Worthy and other great stars in Sam Perkins and Matt Doherty, it was the scrawny freshman who had come on the scene that year to become the first Carolina freshman to ever start that took the biggest shot in the program's history. It was Michael Jordan who was the man that night and he was determined either consciously or unconsciously to never let anyone question who the man is again. Michael went on to become two-time national college player of the year and in 1999, was voted the greatest college basketball player ever. (CNN/Sports Illustrated) After his junior year, having accomplished everything possible for a college player, Michael decided to turn professional. (He later completed his degree taking summer school courses) But first he would go on to dominated the 1984 Olympics and lead the United States to the gold medal. It could be left up to Spanish Olympian Fernando Martin to sum up the Michael Jordan phenomenon, circa 1984. Michael Jordan? he asked. Jump, jump, jump. Very quick. Very fast. Very, very good. Jump, jump, jump. No NBA scouting report could have been more pertinent. By the time Michael detonated on the league in 1984, he had sprouted from a precocious and exciting young talent into a full-fledged human event. As his rookie season marched on, Jordan upstaged proven giants like Magic Johnson, Larry Bird, and Dr. J., and already was becoming the first player to transcend team affiliation on the road. Fan's didn't come out to see their hometown heroes beat the Bulls; they bought tickets to watch Michael Jordan fly. In his rookie year Michael averaged an astonishing 28.2 points per game (third overall) and was selected to the all-star game. He also led the team to the playoffs for the first time in four years. A feat he would continue to ensure every year of his career. It was in his second year that Jordan's bitter relationship with Bulls general manager Jerry Krause and owner Jerry Reinsdorf began. Michael had broken his foot three games into the season and had spent the next months rehabilitating in order to come back as soon as possible. When he was finally healthy to play the Bulls record was 24-43. Michael believed that the team could still make the playoffs and was excited for the challenge. Krause and Reinsdorf had other ideas. They wanted to keep Michael from playing so that they could keep losing and secure a place in the draft lottery. To someone as competitive as Michael Jordan, this idea was simply sinful. It meant that the people who employed him were not as committed to winning as he was, that they accepted the idea of defeat as he did not, and that they were wiling to bag the current season and any chance at the playoffs in order to improve their roster for the future. Even on a bad team with marginal players like the early Bulls, th e remarkable thing about Michael Jordan was that he never accepted the idea of defeat. He believed that as long as he played, the Bulls could make the playoffs, and that if he got there, he could carry them on to victory. Management finally did let him play and the Bulls did

Metamorphic Facies Defined and Explained

Metamorphic Facies Defined and Explained As metamorphic rocks change under heat and pressure, their ingredients recombine into new minerals that are suited to the conditions. The concept of metamorphic facies is a systematic way to look at the mineral assemblages in rocks and determine a potential range of pressure and temperature (P/T) conditions that were present when they formed.   It should be noted that metamorphic facies are different than sedimentary facies, which include the environmental conditions present during deposition. Sedimentary facies can be further divided into lithofacies, which focus on a rocks physical characteristics, and biofacies, which focus on the paleontological attributes (fossils).   Seven MetamorphicFacies There are seven widely recognized metamorphic facies, ranging from the zeolite facies at low P and T to eclogite at very high P and T. Geologists determine a facies in the lab after examining many specimens under the microscope and doing bulk chemistry analyses. Metamorphic facies is not obvious in a given field specimen. To sum up, a metamorphic facies is the set of minerals found in a rock of a given composition. That mineral suite is taken as a sign of the pressure and temperature that made it. Here are the typical minerals in rocks that are derived from sediments. That is, these will be found in slate, schist and gneiss. The minerals shown in parentheses are optional and dont always appear, but they can be essential for identifying a facies. Zeolite facies: illite/phengite chlorite quartz (kaolinite, paragonite)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: phengite chlorite quartz (pyrophyllite, paragonite, alkali feldspar, stilpnomelane, lawsonite)Greenschist facies: muscovite chlorite quartz (biotite, alkali feldspar, chloritoid, paragonite, albite, spessartine)Amphibolite facies: muscovite biotite quartz (garnet, staurolite, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, cordierite, chlorite, plagioclase, alkali feldspar)Granulite facies: alkali feldspar plagioclase sillimanite quartz (biotite, garnet, kyanite, cordierite, orthopyroxene, spinel, corundum, sapphirine)Blueschist facies: phengite chlorite quartz (albite, jadeite, lawsonite, garnet, chloritoid, paragonite)Eclogite facies: phengite garnet quartz Mafic rocks (basalt, gabbro, diorite, tonalite etc.) yield a different set of minerals at the same P/T conditions, as follows: Zeolite facies: zeolite chlorite albite quartz (prehnite, analcime, pumpellyite)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: prehnite pumpellyite chlorite albite quartz (actinolite, stilpnomelane, lawsonite)Greenschist facies: chlorite epidote albite (actinolite, biotite)Amphibolite facies: plagioclase hornblende (epidote, garnet, orthoamphibole, cummingtonite)Granulite facies: orthopyroxene plagioclase (clinopyroxene, hornblende, garnet)Blueschist facies: glaucophane/crossite lawsonite/epidote (pumpellyite, chlorite, garnet, albite, aragonite, phengite, chloritoid, paragonite)Eclogite facies: omphacite garnet rutile Ultramafic rocks (pyroxenite, peridotite etc.) have their own version of these facies: Zeolite facies: lizardite/chrysotile brucite magnetite (chlorite, carbonate)Prehnite-pumpellyite facies: lizardite/chrysotile brucite magnetite (antigorite, chlorite, carbonate, talc, diopside)Greenschist facies: antigorite diopside magnetite (chlorite, brucite, olivine, talc, carbonate)Amphibolite facies: olivine tremolite (antigorite, talc, anthopyllite, cummingtonite, enstatite)Granulite facies: olivine diopside enstatite (spinel, plagioclase)Blueschist facies: antigorite olivine magnetite (chlorite, brucite, talc, diopside)Eclogite facies: olivine Pronunciation: metamorphic FAY-sees or FAY-shees Also Known As: metamorphic grade (partial synonym)

What Have You Done for Your Agent Lately

What Have You Done for Your Agent Lately    When a writer friend e-mailed to tell me that her agent had now been ignoring her for almost a year, I was offended and outraged on her behalf. But then I heard the rest of the story: The agent had taken her first book out on submission, it hadn’t sold, they each promised to work on the next book together, and then, as happens frequently, she stopped writing and the agent stopped checking in. Communication came to a complete halt. The agent hadn’t e-mailed my friend for almost a year, but what’s worse, my friend hadn’t picked up the phone either.    This, I suppose, is what they call â€Å"being in limbo† and it sure isn’t pretty.    As the world of publishing changes around us, writers have more control than ever before over our own careers, what publishing deals we accept, and how we choose to publish in the first place. In this world of platforms and literary celebrities, agents want writers who can take over some of that control, who can be in charge, who know what it means to work towards not one book, but an entire career.    The bitter truth is this: An agent can be your best ally, your biggest fan, and your most aggressive salesperson. But she can only work with what she has. If publishers are looking for clients with platforms, she’s going to have a hard time convincing them of your marketability if you’re not even on Twitter.    So how can you make your relationship with your agent a two-way street and help your own career 1. Make your platform irresistible. When my agent discovered a health issue a few weeks after signing me on, he gave me the option of waiting for his treatment to finish or finding new representation. I stayed on, and in the three months before we communicated again, I started building my platform and growing my reach. When he returned, I had placed articles and essays in Elle magazine’s Indian edition and a New York Times blog on the subject of my book and been interviewed 2. Make yourself irresistible. When you’re in submission, you’re going to be speaking to your agent a lot. Maybe your book sells, maybe it doesn’t. Things get quiet. I had an unofficial â€Å"rule† during these times, which was that every time I got back in touch with my agent, I should have something new to report- a new article, maybe, or an interview request, even a new book idea. I had a file on my computer called â€Å"Updates for [Agent]† in which I made notes of anything new happening that was worth mentioning so that when we did touch base every few days, I had something to share that he could use.    3. Make your ideas irresistible. Think career, not book. Too many writers are attached to one single book and don’t think beyond that. The job of any good agent is not only to sell that first book for the highest possible advance, but also to help you plan, nurture, and grow your career. These are not discussions you’ll be having when you’re in the middle of a sale, but when that’s done and things are moving slower, is it time perhaps for a conversation about what your next book should be or whether that unwritten novel in the drawer is worth finishing? Agents don’t represent books, they represent authors. It’s important to remember that.    So next time you’re worried about your agent not being in touch, do any one of those things and e-mail with an update. Your agent will appreciate it, but what’s more, itll be another positive step forward in your own career. Because whenever you do something for your agent, youre really helping you.  Ã‚  

Assessing Quality of Care in Kinship and Foster Family Care by Jill Assignment

Assessing Quality of Care in Kinship and Foster Family Care by Jill Duerr Berrick (2010) - Assignment Example Kinship care has gained increasing attention from practitioners, policymakers and researchers. The attention has been captivated by the large numbers of children being served in foster care by kin and the scarcity of information available about the rapidly growing arrangement for care† (Berrick, 1997, p.273). According to Mokgosi (1997, p.7), â€Å"placement with extended family or kinship is becoming widely used as an alternative placement. Many child welfare experts believe that children will be better served if their care is provided by family members within the community of origin rather than by strangers.† For, separation from distant family members may lead to the child’s disruption, if unattended. On the other hand, Berrick claims, â€Å"on a number of measures relating to the home environment, non-kin homes were rated as more safe† (1997, p.273). The author describes kin caregivers as â€Å"older than foster family parents and a group heavily repre sented by single women of color who are struggling themselves with limited incomes† (Berrick, 1997, p.273). Whilst foster family providers generally prepare for their new role as parents, kinship foster parents more often fall into older parenthood in response to a pressing family emergency. Trends in this data point to the need for further research in the field, that is, â€Å"the need for changes in policy and practice that might strengthen the kin and non-kin resources currently available to dependent children are also suggested† (Berrick, 1997, p.279). Although the study done by Berrick was designed to assess the quality in kin and non-kin homes, focus herein will be given on its quantitative aspect, that is to say, in terms of the empirical patterns found in the data collected, so as to explain the research phenomena with regards to its numerical data. The primary method used was survey research, which included interviews. The county staff drew a random sample of 1 23 kinship and 97 non-kin homes from their foster care databases. Herein, a simple random sampling method of analysis was implemented. â€Å"Sampling is a technical accounting device to rationalize the collection of information, to choose in an appropriate way the restricted set of objects, persons, events from which the actual information will be drawn† (Bless and Higson-Smith, 1995, p.85). In this study, the sample was restricted to those homes that included a child in care between 5 to 12 years of age. A letter describing the scope and purpose of the study was sent on all kin and non-kin providers. Providers were offered a $20.00 stipend for their participation. However, only fourteen kin (11%) and 11 non-kin (11%) providers responded to the request.  

Managing change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing change - Essay Example Among these businesses, there are oil fields in different countries globally, wind power production plants, and natural gas processing plants. The corporation’s business fell under the threat of diminishing levels of performance following the Gulf of Mexico oil spill three years ago (Freudenburg & Gramling, 2011). The following discussion establishes the prevailing changes in concern to the factors of production, and the relationship with the company and the global society. Analytical discussion to the causes of oil spill change Following the 2010 oil spill, British Petroleum Company established that the situation affected the broad global society from the locals that depended on the seafood as a source of livelihood to the end consumer of BP’s petroleum products. The company lacked credibility from the society as the spill caused havoc to the environment and led to destruction of natural resources (Druskat and Wolff, 2001:45). For example, the spill led to deaths of ov er ten employees, and harbored fishing as it considerably led to the death of fish and other sea organisms that remained integral to the society’s benefits. The spill affected the ecosystem and postulated remorse from the diverse human society. Therefore, BP’s management established that the ideal resolution to the increased aggression of the society because of the company’s accident would be the implementation of policies that would reshape the organization’s image towards the general environment. Precisely, the corporation established the changes as achievable through rendering and delivering support from people within the system (Gido & Clements, 2012). British Petroleum Company established that the business programs were undergoing diminishing levels of performance thus denoting the need for strategic resolution to ensure growth to the desired extend. The valuable approaches that the management resolves to use and establish the corporation’s pe rceived current state of business (Fisher, Hunter and Macrosson, 1998:35). With the increased remorse and decreased customer loyalty, the corporation analytically established change as a precise role of targeting ascertainment of the objectives. Initially, the corporation had competitively preserved a profitable market share ahead of other competitors including Royal Dutch Company, Shell, and Exxon Company. However, through enlightening of the global society into adapting environmentally friendly matters, the company fell under a situation of diminishing performances as the loyalty for its business undertakings dwindled accordingly following the oil spill. Arguably, the company resolved to develop a precise plan that would steer acquisition of the set recovery measures. Further, changes were set to recuperate the damages following the loss of the $560 million oil rig that drained the company’s capital base after environmental concerns raised and the company resulted to inject billions of dollars to the cleaning exercise. The changes deferred the company’s profitability forecasts following the capital deviation to budget for the cleaning exercise of the ocean rather than production of the oil to reach the end consumer profitably. British Petroleum Company became a victim to the environmental measures and the abiding fines after they deceived the authorities that the situation was under control, but failed to accomplish the promise (World Bank, 2012). United States of America

The Role of Men in the Society Essay Example for Free

The Role of Men in the Society Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men were particularly known as the supreme gender in the human society. As the population belonging to the supreme gender, men are expected to have special responsibilities as well as advantages with regards the activities that they are able to do. Men were expected to have responsibilities of providing for those that belong to them. This includes their families and other people that are living around them. On the other hand, they benefit form the authority that is given to them. The power to control others, especially women has naturally given them pride when it comes to the thought of being able to rule over several sectors of the human society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through the pages of the human history, men of different races and different ages have primarily been able to change the ways by which humans perceive their purpose in living. Indeed, men have naturally drawn the different demarcation lines of limitations and possibilities that identify each human individual’s capability of living. Most likely, the powerful sense of being of the appearance of man has naturally affected the characteristic and the attitude that he perceives upon others. Within the paragraphs that follow, the different roles of men within the American society shall be outlined in clarity to be able to assist in the understanding of what actually is the important part that men plays in the advancement of the human civilization towards progress. Men as Key Agents of Family Strength   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The family is one of the basic units of social relationship within the human generations. It could be observed that men are appointed as head of the family. As head of the family, a man has the responsibility of providing the guidance that the members of the family need to be able to get through with the challenges of life. Aside from this, men also stand as the basic source of spiritual and intellectual aspects of life when it comes to taking care of the younger generations of the family. Not to mention, men are also viewed as the major providers of the needs of the family in terms of finances, shelter, food and clothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From this particular point of view, it could be observed that men are indeed given high regards by the human society especially in terms of the role that they play in the family. At some point, they work as complimentary personnel to the fulfillment of the dream of their wives and their children. They are the primary source of strength for their family members and from them comes the most valuable advices of life that would naturally help the members of the family get along with the ups and downs of living in a more eased and controlled procedure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certainly, men are given the chance to handle the most complicated responsibilities within the family arrangements. The challenges are really not that easy to face. However, with the strong conviction and determination of men to succeed in this particular responsibility shall give them the reputation that they need to be able to earn for themselves the respect that they are due. Their identification of themselves and as the major source of guidance for others shall help them understand the truth that they are made and are appointed to perform certain complicated yet important roles in the human society. Men as Agents of Social Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mental ability of men in becoming strongly convicted in whatever they believe in particularly sets the line by which they are able to continuously proceed in attaining what they want to attain. This is primarily the reason why there are larger number of men who were able to produce worthwhile inventions that are now of good use in the society. The different technological innovations that were pursued through the history of the human civilization have been particularly assisted by men who were brave enough to risk their time and efforts, as well as their finances in creating something new and innovative for the sake of social progress. Men have also assisted women in realizing their potentials in creating change in the human society. The motivation that they imply upon those who are living around them is indeed infectious and results to more productive aspects of human living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Truly, men have been a source of inspiration and the main idea of social progress within the human community. This has resulted to a more positive response to the male gender of the population. However, meeting the roles that the men play in the society is not that easy to take and face especially when there are different challenges to the said roles. Particularly, the challenges make it harder for them to attain the best possible results from the acts that and decisions that they make everyday. Liberalization of Women and the Role of Men as Social Equalizers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sadly, not all men are able to meet the challenges of their roles. Instead, when they fail, they are implying much chaos within the human relationship and the ways by which women and children view life as a whole. The impact that they make in the lives of the said sector of the human population indeed makes a great difference on how they particularly deal with the challenges that they themselves deal with everyday. As a result, there came the different movements that were established by women to help men remember their roles in the society. The liberalization of women has actually created difference in the role that men particularly play within the progress of the human civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As for now, women are already able to take the place of men in terms of authority over people within certain human organizations, and they are also capable of taking care of their family members alone as individual parents especially when men fail to do their responsibilities to the family. Hence, the changes in the role of men certainly are heightened in terms of power and the stiffness of the decisions that they make in creating possibilities to motivate others as they are expected.   Most likely, the pressure on men who are aiming to reach the best possible ways of attaining and completing their roles in the society is heightened as well. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Men are indeed an epitome of humans who are able to stick to whatever they decide upon. They are known to have a strong conviction when they totally believe on a certain idea. These characteristics of men have led them to becoming the primary foundations of human developments through the history of humankind. Their determination to make a change certainly helped them in assisting the entire human community in aiming for further progress in living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, because of the pressures given upon them, their capabilities of meeting their roles have been challenged particularly because of their own shortcomings. As a result the liberalization of women has naturally challenged the ways by which men try to achieve the roles that they are supposed to meet for the sake of social equality. This particularly means that the gender differences have been set in a more distanced situation, whereas the men are being strongly questioned with the way they complete their responsibilities to the human community. References: Enhancing Mens Roles and Responsibilities in Family Life. Empowering Women. (2001). http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/role4men/. (May 29, 2007). The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality. Written Statement Prepared for the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women at its 48th Session Item 3a of the Provisional Agenda. (2004). http://statements.bahai.org/04-0312.htm/. (May 29, 2007). Impact Lab. The Confusing Role of Men. (2001). http://www.impactlab.com/modules.php?name=Newsfile=articlesid=5760. (May 29, 2007). The Role of Men and Boys in Achieving Gender Equality. R. W. Connell. http://www.ashanet.org/focusgroups/sanctuary/articles/Connell-bp.pdf. (May 29, 2007).

Essay --

Before 1951, the capability of growing cells resulting from animal tissue remained indefinable. The cells would die before they could reproduce for research. This changed in 1951 when a woman by the name of Henrietta Lacks was biopsied because of a tumor. She later passed away due to her cancer. The cells were taken from her cervical cancer cells and now thrive on their own. While the cells of Henrietta Lacks became commercialized, the Lacks family was forced to live without healthcare. They lived their lives in poverty. Henrietta Lacks' story is about her involvement to medical research. The problem with all of this is she never gave the doctor permission to take her cells. Doctor George Otto Gey took them from her cervix. She then died from her cancer. I believe this was wrong; you should have the right to know if a doctor took a part of your body. Henrietta’s family didn’t find out about what Gey had done for a while after it happened. I think they deserve some compensation for the HeLa cells; they lived in poverty, even though Henrietta’s cells were making so many advances in science. They shouldn’t be given all of the profit because they were not doing any of the work to make the advances, but a little something should be given in honor of the doctor taking the cells. There has also been a theory for racial minorities. Henrietta Lacks was black and some people believed that what had happened to her may have happened to many other people. If doctors took samples of her body, they would probably do it to anyone else. In the '50s I don’t think they were necessarily doing it because she was black, they did it to everyone, black or white. In the 70s, when scientists went back to her children to do research on them. That's the ... ...ical cancer caused by this virus. Studying her cells allowed them to see how this virus led to cancer and found that the virus inserts DNA into the host. Through this knowledge they were able to create a vaccine that blocks the HPV DNA. This is a prevention method. Polio is a viral disease that affects the nerves, it leads to possible paralysis. HeLa cells led to a vaccine that is about 90% effective. Henrietta went to johns Hopkins and today polio is a rare disease. It is all thanks to the cells of Henrietta. Due to a tragic mistake made while mixing HeLa cells in research, scientists were able to finally get a count of how many chromosomes human cells were supposed to contain. This mistake allowed chromosomes to swell and be clearly visible compared to the clumped appearance they normally have. Using this scientists were able to start diagnosing genetic disorders.

Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study

In 2006, Rudolf bertagnoli and his team published a study investigating the effects of smoking on patients who have undergone Lumbar total disc arthroplasty. â€Å"Smoking has always been considered to a negative predictor for fusion surgery.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) Not many studies have been undertaken to observe effects of smoking on the procedure of Total arthroplasty and the recovery afterwards in smoking and non smoking patients. Some research suggests that smoking prevents or reduces the bones ability to grow into the prosthesis. Delay in recovery and decrease in over all success of the implantation procedure have also been blamed on smoking. (ProDisc Total Disc Replacement, 2008) â€Å"The aim of the study was to evaluate the changes in functional and disability outcomes within a period of two years minimum in smoking and nonsmoking patients who have undergone the artificial disc replacement therapy.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The Null hypothesis and the Alternate hypothesis proposed were as follows. Null Hypothesis: Smoking has no detrimental effect on success of artificial disc replacement (ADR). Alternate Hypothesis: â€Å"Smoking has a detrimental effect on the success of artificial disc replacement (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) A cohort study was conducted with an initial sample of 110 patients between March 2000 and April 2002. The inclusion criteria for the sampling included, smokers and non smokers, age between 18-65 years, â€Å"disabling low back pain and some radicular pain secondary to single-level lumbar spondylosis† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) , patients undergoing minimum of 2 year follow up and assessment, and lastly failure of medical treatment. They excluded â€Å"patients with spinal stenosis, osteoporosis, prior fusion surgery, chronic infections, metal allergies, facet arthrosis, inadequate vertebral endplate size, more than one level of spondylosis, neuromuscular disease, pregnancy, Workers' Compensation, spinal litigation, body mass index greater than 35, and/or any isthmic.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) Patient’s smoking status was recorded through questionnaires. Preoperative aspects of the lumbar anomaly were recorded radiographically. Outcome measurements were recorded at 3rd, 6th, 12th and the 24th month after undergoing the procedure. The procedure success and recovery progression was noted using the Visual Analog Score (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Questionnaires recording the back pain, pain drugs usage and patient satisfaction were also used. Preoperative and postoperative radiographical assessment of the back was also used to observe the recovery progression in both, the smoking and non smoking group of patients. Dependent variables included Smoking and Non smoking group. Whereas the independent variables included VAS, ODI, patient satisfaction, leg pain, work rates (postoperative), and drugs used postoperatively. Statistical analysis was done as it was found that even though there was significant changes between preoperative and postoperative variable like VAS, ODI, patient satisfaction, relief of leg pain work rate etc but no statistically significant differences were found between these outcomes of smoking patients when compared with nonsmokers. Therefore, the study fails to reject the null hypothesis, which still stands, i.e. â€Å"Smoking has no detrimental effect on success of artificial disc replacement (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The research was conducted in a controlled manner excluded many bias.   But further studies need to be conducted with larger sample sizes to further explore the role of smoking if any, in the success of disc replacement. Also there is need for exploring the link between blood levels of nicotine and success of procedure as well as the effects of smoking and indicators of bone adherence to the prosthesis needs to be further conducted. Couple of questions that come to mind, if nicotine plays such great inhibiting effect on the bone and collagen growth as the study claims, then why wasn’t the effect of smoking   on growth factors and their monitoring not included in the study. Also, if as the researchers claim, that nicotine has an analgesic effect on patient, was it not included as a component in the study? REFERENCES Bertagnoli. R., Yue. J.J., Kershaw.T, Shah.R, V., Pfeiffer. F, Fenk-Mayer, A, et al. (2006). Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty Utilizing the ProDisc Prosthesis in Smokers versus Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study with 2-Year Minimum Follow-up. Spine, 3, 992-997. ProDisc Total Disc Replacement (2008).   Spine Service- Sydney, Australia, retrieved on February 29th, 2008, from http://www.spine-service.org/dr.html ; ; ; ; ;

Poverty as a Challenge Class Ix Ncert

Poverty As A Challenge | Class IX NCERT (CBSE) Economics (Social Science) Chapter 3, Poverty As A Challenge Class IX, NCERT (CBSE) Economics Textbook Exercise Questions-Answers Q. 1: Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India. Ans: In India poverty line is measured or calculated considering the following factors required for subsistence: 1. Minimum level of food requirement, 2. Clothing 3. Footwear 4. Fuel and Light 5. Education and 6. Medical requirement etc. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices.The present formula for food requirement is based on the desired calorie requirement. On the basis of these calculations in 1999 – 2000, the poverty line in the rural areas was fixed Rs. 328 per capita per month and in urban areas, it was Rs. 454. People earning more than this amount were considered above the poverty line and earning less than this amount were considered as living below the poverty line. Q. 2: Do you think that present methodology of pover ty estimation is appropriate? Ans: The present methodology of poverty estimation does not look appropriate.It only takes one factor in view and that is the economic factor. Moreover it considers about a â€Å"minimum† subsistence level of living rather than a â€Å"reasonable† level of living. Poverty has many dimensions. It is no longer confined to economic factors alone. With development, the definitions of what constitutes poverty also changes. Its concept has broadened to human poverty. A few persons may have been able to feed themselves but if they are without education, without shelter, without health-care, without job security, without self-confidence, without social equality, they are considered poor.If poverty is to be removed in real sense and the people are to be brought above the poverty line, not only that we need to increase their income but also, we have to provide the people with education, shelter, health-care, job-security, respect, dignity all. There fore, the present methodology of poverty estimation needs to be modified and broadened in order to make it an appropriate method. Q. 3: Describe poverty trends in India since 1973. Ans: As per the data given in the book there is a substantial decline in poverty ratio in India from 55 percent in 1973 to 36 percent in 1993.There was further decline from 36 percent in 1993 to 26 percent in 2000. Although the number of poor people remained stable (about 320 million) in the earlier two decades (1973 to 1993), there was significant reduction in the number of the poor to about 260 million till 2000. If the present trend continues, the people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 percent in the next few years. Q. 4: Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. Ans: There are various reasons for poverty in India which are outlined below – (1) Prolonged Colonial AdministrationThe policies of British Colonial government shattered the Indian economy so much that it could no t be revived until the 1980s. (2) Unabated Population Growth The failures to promote both the required economic growth and population control have been the main cause of poverty today. (3) Illiteracy Illiteracy is also an important cause of poverty in our country. (4) Disparity in the Ownership of Land-holdings The unequal distribution of land, lack of land resources and failure in the proper implementation of land reform policies have been the major causes of poverty in rural areas. (5) UnemploymentLack of job security and unemployment are other causes. (6) Widening Inequalities of Income This is a feature of high poverty. Money has been concentrating in fewer hands, thus rendering a majority of people poor. (7) Slow Growth of Employment Opportunities Despite the implementation of various employment generating programmes our government has failed to provide the necessary employment opportunities. (8) Socio-cultural Factors In order to fulfill social obligations such as marriage etc . and religious ceremonies people in India including the poor spend a lot of money which makes some people even poorer.Q. 5: Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India. Ans: Social Groups vulnerable to Poverty in India (1) Scheduled Castes households. (2) Scheduled Tribes households. Economic Groups vulnerable to Poverty (1) Rural Agricultural labour households. (2) Urban Casual labour households. Q. 6: Give an account of interstate disparities of poverty in India. Ans: Poverty in India is not the same in every state. The success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state causing inter-state disparities in poverty level.Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are the three poorest states in India with their people living below poverty line being 47, 42 and 37 percent respectively. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are the three better-off states in India as far as the poverty is concerned. Q. 7: Describe global poverty trends . Ans: There have been substantial reduction in global poverty, but there are regional disparities described below – (1) Poverty declined in China and South-East Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and huge investments in the development of human resources. 2) In Latin America, the ratio of poverty remained almost the same. (3) In sub-Saharan Africa, poverty saw an upward trend rather than a downward trend. It rose from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001. (4) Poverty ha surfaced itself in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where formerly it was non-existent. Q. 8: Describe current government strategy of poverty alleviation. Ans: Removal of poverty has one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks: (1) Promotion of Economic Growth 2) Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes Some of the anti-poverty programmes undertaken by government at present are discussed below: P rime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) Started in 1993, this programme aims to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) Launched in 2000, this aims to create and improve basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification. National Food for Work programme (NFWP)Launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country, this programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desired to do manual unskilled work. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts and also one third to the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. Q. 9: Answer the following questions briefly – (i) What do you understand by human poverty? ii) Who are the poorest of the poor? (iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005? Ans: (i) Poverty is multi-dimensional problem. As per the official concept of poverty, a person is considered poor if his or her income falls below a given ‘minimum level’. But human poverty is not confined to economic factors alone. With development, the definitions of what constitutes poverty also changes. The official definition of poverty considers only a ‘minimum’ subsistence level of living rather than a ‘reasonable’ level of living.Many scholars advocate that the concept of human poverty must be broadened and should be looked through other social indicators like – illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to mal-nutrition, lack of access to resources like health-care, safe drinking water, job opportunities, sanitation, lack of self-confidence without social equality etc. (ii) Women, c hildren (especially the girl child) and elder people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor because they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family. (iii) Refer to the answer of Q. 8 above.

Recommendation for a web server software package

Recommendation for a web server software package Web pages have transformed from the traditional collection of products and services on a site, to a more specific content for the clients. Random Walk Shoes targets a big audience of customers. Therefore, it requires web server software that enables it to serve the big audience of clients. Such software provides dynamic pages which allow the clients to search for the information they require by simply typing hints or a clicking the mouse. In this case, the web site is customized to provide web page files effectively.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Recommendation for a web server software package specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Client Script Writing Software This software is controlled by the actions of the client. The change in the information displayed on the web page is solely determined by the client’s commands. It is convenient for clients because, it gives them the opportunity to access the informa tion they want at their own convenience. However, the clients may not learn of other pages available and explore the diverse products and services available. They may end up accessing only what they are interested in. On such occasions, the company misses the opportunity to introduce other products and services to the clients. Server Side Script Writing Software Server side script writing software runs in response to the specific information relayed by a web client. When clients search for a particular piece of information, they get a wide range of information that allows them to choose what best suits them. It means that the client is likely to learn of other products and services which may not have been pre-conceived. Such website software acts as a selling tool for the organization, informing the targeted audience of the value that comes with the purchase of such products. However, this form of software greatly controls the kind of content that clients can access. This may disc ourage clients who are specific and want to learn of a particular product only. When the software offers a wide range of product designs for the clients, they may feel that they are delayed from accessing the services. This is not convenient to clients who are particular in the choice of the information that they want. Recommendation Random Walk Shoes expects 3,000 clients to open at least 23 pages in a given session. This indicates that the clients will share the servers IP address. For this to work effectively, virtual server will be used to facilitate the use of multiple domain names while referring to one single web server. Server side scripting software is the most convenient for Random Walk Shoes. It will represent the company to the clients. When clients have adequate product knowledge, they have the confidence to purchase such products. Given that the organization’s products will be new in the market, clients may not be specific of what they want. They are likely to visit the website to get information at random. Server side scripting will provide more information and this will interest the clients to explore and learn more about the products. Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this website, the organization will grant its clients flexible offers which will in turn translate into sales. Clients will feel secure when visiting the website; this promises a greater audience in the future. Unlike the client script writing software which offers just what the client wants; server side script software will serve Random Walk Shoes’ clients better.

The Many Uses of Plastics

The Many Uses of Plastics Most modern plastics are based on organic chemicals that offer manufacturers a huge range of physical properties that is still growing. There was a time when anything made of plastic was considered to be of inferior quality, but those days are past. You are probably wearing plastic right now, maybe a polyester/cotton mix garment or even glasses or a watch with plastic components. The versatility of plastic materials comes from the ability to mold, laminate or shape them and to tailor them physically and chemically. There is a plastic suitable for almost any application. Plastics dont corrode, though they can degrade in UV, a component of sunlight, and can be affected by solvents. PVC plastic, for example, is soluble in acetone. Plastics in the Home There is a huge percentage of plastic in your television, your sound system, your cell phone, and your vacuum cleaner and probably plastic foam in your furniture. What are you walking on? Unless your floor covering is real wood, it probably has a synthetic/natural fiber blend like some of the clothes you wear. Take a look in the kitchen and you might see a plastic chair or bar stool seats, plastic countertops (acrylic composites), plastic linings (PTFE) in your nonstick cooking pans, and plastic plumbing in your water system. Now open your refrigerator. The food might be wrapped in PVC cling film, your yogurt is probably in plastic tubs, cheese in plastic wrap, and water and milk in blow-molded plastic containers. There are plastics now that prevent gas from escaping pressurized soda bottles, but cans and glass are still No. 1 for beer. (For some reason, guys dont like to drink beer from plastic.) When it comes to canned beer, though, you will find that the inside of the can is often lined with a plastic polymer. Plastics in Transport Trains, planes, and automobiles, even ships, satellites, and space stations, use plastics extensively. We used to build ships from wood and planes from string (hemp) and canvas (cotton/flax). We had to work with the materials that nature provided, but no more- we now design our own materials. Whatever mode of transport you pick, youll find plastic used extensively in: SeatingPanelingInstrument enclosuresSurface coverings Plastics are even combined with other materials as structural elements in all kinds of transport, even skateboards, rollerblades, and bicycles. Challenges for the Plastics Industry Its clear that modern life would be very different without plastics. However, challenges lie ahead. Because many plastics are so durable and dont corrode, they create considerable disposal problems. They arent good for the landfill, as many will persist for hundreds of years; when theyre incinerated, dangerous gases can be produced. Many supermarkets now give us one-use grocery bags; leave them in a cupboard long enough and all you will have left is dust because they are engineered to degrade. Perversely, some plastics can be cured (hardened) by UV, which shows how varied their formulas are. Additionally, because many plastics are based ultimately on crude oil, there is a continuous rise in the cost of raw materials that chemical engineers are trying to workaround. We now have biofuel for automobiles, and the feedstock for that fuel grows on the land. As this production increases, sustainable feedstock for the plastic industry will become more widely available. We are getting wiser, and now many plastics can be chemically, mechanically, or thermally recycled. We still must solve the disposal issue, which is being actively addressed through materials research, recycling policies, and enhanced public awareness.

Charles Goodyear Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Charles Goodyear - Research Paper Example In truth, his story is an inspirational application of scientific principles to economic reality, with Goodyear’s frequent and often futile attempts to secure capital to apply his ideas to abundance in everyday life. However, only after his death would rubber become an everyday product and a massive industry of production. In 1898, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company took Goodyear’s name in commemoration of his achievement. Thus, even though Goodyear never applied his invention to the mass market as other great inventors did in 19th century America, it is still fair to say that Goodyear lived the American dream of experimenting with science to better mankind. Goodyear was born in New Haven, Connecticut on December 29, 1800 to a well-respected, upper-class family. In 1814, the teenage Goodyear left for Philadelphia to learn about industry; returning in 1821, Goodyear entered into a partnership in his father’s business producing various metal-based products. Three years later, Goodyear married Clarissa Beecher and together they moved to Philadelphia where Goodyear, having left his father’s business, opened a general hardware store. He sold agricultural products imported from England. Within a few years, his business was thriving, and by 1829, he had amassed quite a bit of wealth. In 1829, however, his health declined due to a case of dyspepsia, a disease that attacks the digestive system and causes chronic pain in the upper abdomen. Around this time, his business failed as well; eventually, he was forced to close a number of stores. After his health returned, Goodyear undertook a project that would form the basis of his lifeà ¢â‚¬â„¢s work: the vulcanization process of rubber (Peirce). In 1831, Goodyear began researching gum elastic. He experimented with the best method to make rubber; he produced tubes to show to the Roxbury Rubber

Critically examine the progress made in the equitable employees since Essay - 1

Critically examine the progress made in the equitable employees since 1968 makes links to the business and organisation - Essay Example e business of extensive number of labourers under the state of poor bargaining force at individual level, the development of trade union got to be fundamental. A consistent relationship of compensation workers with the end goal of keeping up and enhancing the state of their working lives. A nonstop long haul relationship of representatives framed and kept up for the particular reason for progressing and ensuring the hobbies of individuals in their working relationship. Since 1968, human resources management has revolved to apply two main forms of management techniques. They are soft management and hard management of staff techniques. Soft management includes offering the staff training and development opportunities, internal promotions, adopting development of appraisal systems, factoring in consultation and empowerment towards employees and using a flat organisational structure According to Jackson, Schuler & Werner (2012), at the time of hiring, no employee is perfect fit for the job they are entitled to perform. This causes the need to conduct training for the new employees in order to increase their effectiveness in performance. This is a form of soft management that makes the employees equally comfortable to carry out their duties and feel more productive at their work station. Prior to 1968, staff training was not considered an opportunity to increase the businesses return on investment. However, this leads to improved profitability and/or more positive attitudes toward profits orientation, improves the job knowledge and skills at all levels of the organization, improves the morale of the workforce, helps people identify with organizational goals and helps create a better corporate image. Each organization needs to indicate its strategy with respect to advancement of its corporate arrangement. According to Rothwell (2010), organizations resort to staff promotions with a perspective to accomplish the following purposes: To meet the hierarchical necessities

Foundations of Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Foundations of Global Business - Essay Example As an entrepreneur, this creates the need to come up with a different product that can ease these discomforts from them while achieving their objective of being smart. Shaving is a routine for all men in the world, it’s therefore important to ensure that there are no discomforts after the exercise. Therefore the purpose essay of this essay will be coming with friendly shaving equipment’s that can solve the problem of discomfort and hence attract a large market share. This will need to carry out an industry analysis using the porter five forces model so that to assess the viability of the new product in the industry and as well describe the best methods of marketing the products using the 4Ps of marketing. This is a model of conducting the industry analysis; the model uses five forces that affect the industry that is being assessed. These forces are; the bargaining power of supplier’s, the bargaining power of buyers, the threats of new entrants, the threat of substitutes and the intensity of rivalry within the industry (Botten, p120). A competition among the rival firms reduces the firms’ profit. This is because if the firm is not strong enough, it is likely to lose its market share. Most industries strive to achieve a greater competitive advantage over its rival firms. Rivalry among different industries varies according to the interests and goals of each specific industry. In an attempt of gaining competitive advantage in the men’s grooming market, several competitive actions need to be considered, these are; The industry can be entered with varying prices of the shaving equipment.This can be achieved by lowering the prices so as to gain temporary advantage and hence help to create a better public image that can attract customer loyalty. The features of the shaving equipment’s can be improved so that they can be easier to use and to dispose, this call for coming up and

The effect of transformational leadership style on organizational Innovation

The effect of transformational leadership style on organizational Innovation 1. Introduction This study endeavors to develop comprehension of how transformational leadership style of top management affects innovation at the organizational level. The topic is of paramount importance because of the ever increasing pressures of modernization and innovation on todays global economy. It has become indispensable to practice a leadership style that makes firms innovative and adaptive to change. Firms are shifting their focus from knowledge economy to creative economy, where corporations will compete on the basis of imagination, innovation and creativity (Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009) Boston Consulting Group Inc surveyed over 900 senior executives and identified innovation as the key driver of top-line revenue. Analysis of firms transforming due to innovation provides evidence for this statement. For example, the highly successful iPod of Apple Inc.s, that earned devastating revenues for the company; the role of Blackberrys success in the transformation and emergence of Research in Motion; process innovation at Southwest Airlines Co. that transformed it as an economical and triumphant airline; and Procter Gamble Co. outperforming its competitors by focusing on design innovation. Innovation aims at bringing about change in the status quo. It can be defined as discovering (creative thinking ideas) and commercializing those discoveries (implementing the creative ideas). Creativity new idea generation alone are insufficient for innovation; implementation is also a cornerstone of the innovation process. (Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009) Plentiful studies have led to the identification of factors that can stimulate innovation at the organizational level. In broad terms, innovation is the adoption or execution of unaccustomed and convenient ideas by individuals in organizations (Amabile Conti 1999) p.360). Factors that are known to have an influence on innovation include leadership (Mumford Gustafson, 1998; Amabile, 1998), a work environment that is conducive for innovation (Amabile, 1998; Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), CEO salary (Markman, Balkin and Gomez-Mejia, 2000), organizational culture and climate (Mumford Gustafson, 1998; Jung, Wu Chow, 2008; Oke, Munshi Walumbwa, 2009), environmental attributes (Jung, Wu Chow, 2008), learning capability and intra-organizational networks (Tsai, 2001) and job complexity type of supervision (Oldham Cummings, 1996). Among these abundant factors, the leadership behavior of managers has been spotted as one of the most important of all (Amabile, 1998; Jung, 2001; Mumford, Sc ott, Gaddis Strange, 2002). Leadership was merely a concept before the 19th century and it was in the start of the 19th century that it emerged as a word in English language (Davis Cushing). Over the years, leaders and leadership have been distinctly defined by various scholars. Leadership is a process whereby a leader changes the course of action of another group, due to the interaction of his personality characteristics and those of the group (Bogardus, 1934). Leadership is the direction of human collaborators for the accomplishment of a goal. A leader successfully guides his human assistants for the achievement of particular ends. (Prentice, W.C.H. 1961). Leadership is a goal directed endeavor with the aim to influence the activities of followers through communication process. (Donelly, J.H. Ivancevich, J. M. Gibson, J.L. 1985 Leadership is the situational effort towards goal achievement by the process of influencing the individual or group activities. (Hersey, P. Blanchard, K, 1988). Leadership is the f ormulation of a transparent and complete system of expectations for the purpose of identification, arousal and utilization of strengths of all the resources of an organization, the most important of which is human resource (Batten, J.D. 1989). Leadership is the art of influencing individuals to yield their best output/ performance for the accomplishment of a goal, project or objective. (Cohen, W.A. 1990). Leaders are the people who obtain commitment from a working group of individuals and then motivate them to accomplish the outcomes of a pre-planned direction. (Conger, J.A.1992). Leadership is a process in which a leader sets the goal for an individual or group of individuals and takes all of them together with him or her with proficiency and devotion (Jacques E. Clement, S.D. 1994). Leadership is an unrealizable trait that cannot be distinctly defined. This in fact is a good phenomenon, because if the followers were aware of the definition of leadership, they would probably overr un their leaders. (Scott Adams, 1996). Effective leadership is about enabling ordinary people to deliver extraordinary results in the face of challenge and change and to constantly turn in superior performance to the long-term benefit of all concerned (Charlton, 1993). The more recent definitions conceive leadership in terms of influence relationships, power differentials, persuasion, influence on goal achievement, reinforcement, role differentiation, initiation of structure, and perceived attributions of behavior that are consistent with what the perceivers spotted leadership to be. Recently, many management scholars and gurus have identified adaptive leadership as the key enabler to cope with the ever increasing challenges of the corporate world. (Bass, Avolio, Jung Berson, 2003). So the adaptive leadership behaviors that have proved to be more effective than other leadership styles in organizational innovation have been labeled as transformational. (Lowe, Kroek, Sivasubramaniam, 1996; Gardner Avolio, 1998; Howell Avolio, 1993). Transformational leadership capabilities continue to be the hallmark of innovative firms. Successful leaders like J.R. Immelt, CEO of General Electric; A.G.Lafley, CEO of P&G; Ratan Tata, chairman of Tata Motors Tata Group and Steve Jobs of Apple are the prominent figures who have fostered innovation by their adaptive behaviors. Transformational leadership holds four theoretically discrete dimensions: charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Idealized influence reflects the degree to which followers admire and hold their leaders as role models. Leaders exhibiting idealized influence are ethical, consistent, share risks with followers and prefer the needs of their followers above their own needs. Inspirational motivation points to the degree motivation of followers by delineating new opportunities, providing meaning and challenge to followers work and articulating a strong, realistic and shared vision of the future. Intellectual stimulation refers to the ability of a leader to question the assumptions and thinking of followers, reframe problems, stimulate intellectual curiosity, approaching problems in new ways, soliciting creativity and innovation from followers through novel approaches and avoiding open criticism for individual errors. Finally, leaders who provide individualized consideration pay attention to individual needs for growth, development, support and achievement. They act as coaches or mentors and establish a favorable environment for innovation; where values are diversified and learning opportunities are created (Bass Avolio, 1993) (Some versions of Bass Full-Range Leadership Theory identify 5 components of transformational leadership by breaking down idealized influence/ charisma into idealized influence or attributed charisma. For the sake of simplifying this research, idealized influence and charisma have been grouped together in this study). 2. Research Design 2.1 Main Objectives The aim of this study is to probe the following objectives: To discuss the philosophy, attributes and elements of transformational leadership and innovation To spot the existence of transformational leadership style at Telenor Pakistan To the asses the level of organizational innovation Telenor Pakistan To identify the effect transformational leadership style on organizational innovation 2.2 Hypotheses to be tested The objective of this study is to spot the presence of attributes of transformational leadership i.e. idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation, estimate the level of organizational innovation and examine the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. The working hypothesis within this context will be as under: H0: Transformational leadership has no effect on organizational innovation. H1: Transformational leadership has strong effect on organizational innovation. 2.3 Scope of the study The range of application of this study is limited to the telecommunication sector in Pakistan with specific focus on Telenor (Peshawar). Transformational leadership style will be judged on the basis of four dimensions, that is, charisma or idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. Furthermore, the effect of transformational leadership on organizational innovation will be analyzed. 3. Review of Literature (Burns, 1978) stated that transformational leaders stand above the common place. They indulge in a mutual interaction with their followers that raises the understanding, goals and mission that results in the ultimate arousal and transformation of both the leader and the followers. (Bass, 1985) At the other end to transformational leadership lies transactional leadership; where the leaders try to maintain the status quo. Followers are motivated on the base of extrinsic rewards, such as promotion and monetary benefits. It is an everyday terrestrial transaction of value, where leaders only provide needed value to individuals in exchange for their services. (Jane. M. Howell, Christopher A. Higgins, 1990) The most successful leaders are gifted with qualities of transformational leadership and charisma. They are far more influential and innovative than the leaders having style other than transformational. (David A. Waldman, Bernard M. Bass, 1991) linked the themes of nurturant and persistent leadership with transformational leadership theory. Furthermore, the role of transformational leadership behavior in various stages of successful innovations was clarified and implications were presented regarding the proposed model. (Dougherty Hardy, 1996) Transformational leaders intellectually stimulate their followers. This fosters unaccustomed and creative thinking and working processes that pave the way for new technology and knowledge, which are necessary for organizational innovation. Amabile, Conti, Coon, Lazenby, and Herron (1996) have spotted the damaging effects of transactional leadership on creativity. Bono Judge (2004) have supported this proposition in their recent meta-analysis. (Sosik, Avolio Kahali, 1997) Transformational leaders easily adapt to exploitative and exploratory thinking processes which in turn yield creative ideas and effective solutions to problems. The effectiveness of transformational leadership at stimulating unconventional and innovative thinking of followers is far greater than that of other leadership styles. (Bass, 1985; Gardner Avolio, 1998) proposed that transformational leaders have the ability to create personal and professional commitment from their followers towards satisfying upper-level needs like self-actualization and self esteem. (Oldham Cummings, 1996; Amabile, 1998; Zhou, 2003) added to this research finding by suggesting that this commitment boosts the inherent motivation of followers, which is considered to be an essential driver of individual creativity and organizational innovation. (House Shamir, 1993; Jung Avolio, 2000; Mumford et.al, 2000) Leaders possessing transformational attributes have the ability to regroup the values and norms of their followers in a better way. They encourage the progress of personal and organizational changes and facilitate their followers to go beyond their initial performance expectations. (A.Oke, 2002) was part of a study carried out on the organizational innovation of AXA insurance, Ireland. It was revealed that due to the transformational leadership style of John. ONeil, the CEO, a non-innovative firm was transmuted into an innovative one. To achieve this level of creativity, the physical spaces were decorated with eye catching colors and employees from all levels and functions were made to work together in order to stimulate creativity. The results of this transformational behavior were soon evident in the form of 150 new business ideas during 6 months. (Shin Zhou 2003) found that positive relation was discovered between transformational leadership and creativity of subordinates on the basis of a study conducted on 290 employees and their supervisors belonging to 46 Korean companies. (Jung, Wu, Chow, 2008) concluded in their research that a positive relation has existence between the transformational leadership of CEO and organizational innovation. This effect is moderated by variables such as organizational structure, culture and external environment. These results are agreed upon after testing multi-sourced data from 50 Taiwanese electronics and telecommunications companies. (Oke, Munshi, Walumbwa, 2009) found that transformational style of leadership strongly enhances creativity and innovation regarding exploratory (creating something of a totally new and radical nature) and exploitative innovation activities (incremental improvements and refinements to something that already exists). These leaders have the ability to transform or change, which makes them the main drivers for innovative processes. (Lale Gumusluoglu, Arzu IIsev, 2009) suggested that transformational leadership style has strong influence on both the individual and organizational innovation. Individually, transformational leadership is positively related to the creativity of employees. Furthermore, transformational leadership and organizational innovation are spotted to have a positive association between them. These results are the outcome of a study conducted on 163 managers and RD personnel from 43 Micro and small sized software development companies from Turkey. (Khan, Rehman and Fatima, 2009) studied managers from telecommunication sector in Pakistan and explored the positive effects of transformational leadership on organizational innovation. (Mariana Makri, Terri A.Scandura, 2010) identified the strong relation of operational leadership (the dimension of leadership which reflects the ability of a CEO to refine the existing paths to growth or tapping new paths by reframing and extending the boundaries of the firm to products and markets) and creative leadership (the ability of a leader to contribute to the social, human and knowledge capital of his firm) with the quantity and resonance of innovation. The hypothesis was tested over a sample of 77 high technology firms. 4. Research Methodology 4.1 Sources of data This research will make use of both primary and secondary data. Transformational leadership style will be judged on the basis of primary data obtained through interview and questionnaire. The level of organizational innovation will be assessed by primary data obtained through questionnaire and secondary data gathered from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements. 4.2 Research instruments Questionnaires and structured interviews will serve as instruments of this research. The extent of transformational leadership will be measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass and Avolio, 1995) (Annexure-A). MLQ is a well validated measure of transformational leadership and has been used extensively in prior research (Awamleh and Gardner, 1999). Each respondent will be asked to rate five aspects of his/her leaders/ top-managers behavior related to each of the four dimensions of transformational leadership (idealized influence/charisma, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation). The responses will be anchored by a 5-point response scale (1-not at all, 2-once in a while, 3-sometimes, 4-fairly often, 5-frequently, if not always). While measuring organizational innovation, a composite measure will be used to capture the broad aspects of innovative activities (Balkin et als, 2000). Two measures will be used to tap into different aspects of innovation. First is the annual RD expenditure as a percentage of sales revenue over three years prior to this study (i.e.2008-2010). This ratio indicates a firms emphasis on innovation (Hitt, Hoskisson and Kim, 1997; Balkin et al, 2000). These figures will be obtained from the companys publicly disclosed financial statements. Second, different respondents actively following the telecommunication industry will be contacted. The reason is to include different fruits of innovation such as process and service improvements. Each respondent will be offered two sets of questions about the sample firm. The first set includes a single question regarding his/her familiarity with the company. The possible answers will be 1-not familiar with the company at all, 2-somewhat familiar with the company, 3-very familiar with the company. Only the respondents with responses 2 and 3 will be considered. The second set comprises of 20 questions (4 questions each for scanning five types of innovative activities i.e. product innovation, process innovation, marketing innovation, strategic innovation and organizational climate innovation) in order to rate the level of organizational innovation (Annexure B). The 5-point Likerts Scale (1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-neither agree nor disagree, 4-agree, 5-strongly agree) will be used to anchor the responses. 4.3 Sampling design (a) Universe / population There are many national and multinational telecommunication companies operating in Pakistan. All these national and multinational firms collectively form the population/ universe of this research. Results will be generalized and recommendations will be forwarded considering all these firms. (b) Sample size and selection This research will adopt a case study approach by focusing on Telenor (Peshawar) as the sample firm. A simple random sample of 30 employees of low, middle and top-management of the company will be selected with the aim of assessing transformational leadership. Furthermore, organizational innovation will be judged by studying a random sample of 30 respondents that are directly or indirectly associated with the telecommunication industry in Pakistan.